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RU BL 616 - Final Exam

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Final exam study questions composite 2011 need 5 choices for the multiple choice Q1. Which of the following is NOT a function of Lipids?a- Source of energy storageb- Major component of cell membranesc- Precursors of all hormone productiond- Important in cell signalinge- Hydrophobic moleculesAnswer: C. Lipids are only precursors to steroid hormones and eiconasoidsWhich of the following is correct concerning fatty acids?a- sphingolipids contain both a serine and two fatty acid componentsb- steroids have a 3 ring structure and are not highly solublec- Cholesterol is derived from steroidsd- Sphingosine is a component of gangliosidese- Glycerophospholipids are based on glycine backboneAnswer: only A is correct.Which of the following is NOT an important plasma membrane lipid?a- Glycerolphospholipidsb- Cholesterolc- Sphingomyelind- Glycocalyxe- TriacylglycerolAnswer: E- triacylglycerols are storage form of fats, whereas the phospholipids, sphingosines are in membranes;the glycocalyx is an important carbohydrate linked to proteins and lipids of the plasma membrane that protects the cell against digestion and restricts uptake of hydrophobic compoundsEndocrine cell signaling:a- only affects receptors immediately across the cleft of the secreting neuronb- hormone from specific secreting cells enters blood stream and travels to targetsc- involve messengers that act on cells from which secreted, or same cell typesd- Acetylcholine is an example of this mechanisme- Involves only tyrosine kinase surface receptor signalingAnswer: B… A and D defines paracrine signaling, C defines autocrine signaling. Which of the following is the correct mechanism of a heptahelical receptor?a- Receptor binds hormone  ATP dissociates the  subunit  binds target protein  RTK activatedb- Phosphorylation of the receptor occurs  GTP dissociates  subunit  binds target protein  cAMP is producedc- Phosphorylation of the receptor occurs  GTP dissociates  subunit  binds target protein  PIP3 is activatedd- Receptor binds hormone  GTP dissociates  subunit  binds target protein  cAMP is formede- Receptor binds hormone  GDP dissociates  subunit  binds target protein  cAMP is formedAnswer: D. GPCR are not phosphorylated, work through cAMP signaling pathway when  subunit bindsBriefly explain the bicarbonate buffer system as it pertains to the blood stream and a RBCCO2 produced in cell respiration enters blood stream and is taken on by an RBC. Inside the RBC in the presence of water and carbonic anhydrase to form carbonic acid which readily dissociates into H+ and bicarbonate. H+ can be bound to hemoglobin or phosphate to be rid of by the body, while bicarbonate enters the blood stream to buffer free H+ ions from metabolic acids.Enzyme matching:__b_Oxidoreductases a- Synthesize C-C, C-S, C-O, C-N__c_Transferases b- when electrons are transferred during a redox reaction__d_Hydrolases c- A functional Group is transferred from one molecule to another__f_Lyases d- Breaking C-O, C-N, or C-S Bonds using water__e_Isomerases e- rearranging molecules__a_Ligases f-Breaks C-C, C-N or C-O bonds without using water or redoxOrganelle and corresponding constituent matching__e_Lysosomes a- oxidation of long chain fatty acids_c__Mitochondria b- Synthesizes TAG, phospholipids__a_Peroxisomes c- Enzymes for fuel oxidation__d_RER d-Posttranslational modifications __b_SER e- cleave amide, ester and other bonds through the addition of H2OChemical messenger matching – choose as many as are relevant; choices may be used once, more than once, or not at all.__c_d___Immune system A-retinoids B-catecholamines C-prostaglandins __a_b_e__Endocrine system D-polypeptides E- Neurohormones__b_e___Nervous system1. Which of the following are unique characteristics of erythrocyte cytoskeleton and membrane?A. is composed of a 2D lattice of proteins that are linked to membrane proteinsB. is flexible and easily deformed to allow passage through capillariesC. the plasma membrane is the only membrane of the red blood cell, which makes it ideal for studying of membrane structure and functionD. contains glycolipids that signify blood group antigensD. All the aboveAnswer – E. all the above 2. What is the equation for bicarbonate buffer system within the blood? Discuss the effects of H+ on the ability for oxygen to bind to hemoglobin.Answer – Within tissues, the release of CO2 causes H2CO3 in rbc, which releases H+, which causes O2 to be released from hemoglobin and “replacing” it. In the lungs, this process is reversed. Because of the increase of O2, O2 is able to bind to the hemoglobin and cause the release of H+. This in turn cause H2CO3 to form and releases CO2 from the blood to be exhaled.3. What nutrient is necessary for blood clotformation?A. Vitamin KB. Vitamin BC. GlutamateD. linoleic acidE. vitamin B6Answer – A. Vitamin K4. Discuss how Warfarin prevents clotting. When would it be good to use warfarin to treat a patient?Answer – Warfarin, also found in rat poison, is a vitamin K antagonist; it blocks vitamin K reductase that is needed to regenerate vitamin K. Warfarin inhibits the actions of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase, an enzyme that plays a role in the development of clotting factors. By resembling vitamin K, this drug prevents this enzyme from forming vitamin K epoxide and gamma-carboxyglutamate on clotting factors VII, IX, X and proteins C andS, which should bind Ca++ and play a large role in the coagulation cascade.5. Where are steroid hormones synthesized?A. Pituitary glandB. Adrenal cortex and gonadsC. HypothalamasD. LiverE. Adipose tissueAnswer – B. adrenal cortex and gonads6. Discuss two ways that HMG-CoA is regulated. What treatment can be administered in order to reduce the synthesis of cholesterol through inhibition of this enzyme?Answer – (1) synthesis of HMG-CoA reductase is regulated at the level of transcription by SREBPs binding SRE elements, (2) HMG-CoA reductase is regulated by proteolysis, and the enzyme is degraded in presence of excess cholesterol, (3) HMG-CoA reductase is phosphorylated by an AMP-activated kinase to an inactive form, and (4) the HMG-CoA reductas inactive form becoems actie when a phophatase removes the phosphate. Statinscan be used to reduce the synthesis of cholesterol as it inhibits the activity of HMG-CoA1. Which of the following is not a classification of side chains of amino acids?a. Nonpolarb. Aromaticc. Sulfur


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RU BL 616 - Final Exam

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