USU ECE 5320 - Fluid Measurement Sensors

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ECE5320 Mechatronics Assignment 01 Literature Survey on Sensors and Actuators Topic Fluid Measurement Sensors Prepared by Daniel Plaizier Dept of Electrical and Computer Engineering Utah State University E T 435 797 F 435 797 3054 ECE Dept W http mechatronics ece usu edu 3 9 2007 Slide 2 Outline 01 14 19 Reference List To Explore Further Major Applications Basic Working Principle Typical Configuration Major Specifications Limitations Purchasing Information ECE5320 Mechatronics Assignment 1 Survey on sensors and actuators Slide 3 Reference List Beckwith Thomas G Marangoni Roy D Lienhard V John H Mechanical Measurements Pearson Education Inc 5 th 1993 www efunda com March 07 2007 Bishop Robert H The Mechatronics Handbook Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 2002 http www engineeringtoolbox com flow meters d 493 html March 07 2007 01 14 19 ECE5320 Mechatronics Assignment 1 Survey on sensors and actuators Slide 4 To Explore Further Those seeking more information concerning theory analysis and design of flow measurements should seek out Engineering databases and textbooks regarding fluid flow measurements and characteristic ie www ENGnetbas com Those seeking more information on purchasing information and pricing should visit Engineering search engines like www globalspec com to find the appropriate fluid measurement appartatus 01 14 19 ECE5320 Mechatronics Assignment 1 Survey on sensors and actuators Slide 5 Major Applications Aerospace Medical Public utilities Environmental Mining Industrial Research http www flexim com english flow applications php http www tecplot com showcase contours issue 19 article01 htm http en wikipedia org wiki Image Gas meter JPG 01 14 19 ECE5320 Mechatronics Assignment 1 Survey on sensors and actuators Slide 6 Basic Working Principal Types of flow meters only principals concerning differential pressure flow meters will be addressed in this section 01 14 19 ECE5320 Mechatronics Assignment 1 Survey on sensors and actuators Bishop Table 19 3 Slide 7 Basic Working Principal To understand how many fluid flow meter sensor works an understanding of some fluid flow characteristics is necessary Flow may be laminar transitional or turbulent Flow may also be in a transient state or a steady state for each of these flow types Flow can be compressible or incompressible Only the incompressible flow will be addressed in these slides Plus and understanding how the flow characteristics correspond with the Reynolds number and velocity profile for the fluid flow 01 14 19 ECE5320 Mechatronics Assignment 1 Survey on sensors and actuators Slide 8 Basic Working Principal The Reynolds number is a dimensionless parameter used to determine whether or the flow is laminar or turbulent Fluid properties 01 14 19 density V velocity D characteristic length dynamic viscosity VD Re inertial forces Re viscous forces ECE5320 Mechatronics Assignment 1 Survey on sensors and actuators Slide 9 Basic Working Principal Relative magnitudes of the Reynolds number Pipe Laminar Re 2300 Turbulent Re 5x105 Transitional state is between these values Blood flow in the brain Re 100 Person swimming Re 4x106 Blue whale Re 3x108 Typical pitch in Mayor League Baseball Re 2x105 Reynolds number values where taken from the following website http en wikipedia org wiki Reynolds number March 07 2007 01 14 19 ECE5320 Mechatronics Assignment 1 Survey on sensors and actuators Slide 10 Basic Working Principal Velocity profile of fluid is a pipe a laminar velocity profile Re 2300 b turbulent velocity profile Re 5x105 Notice that the turbulent velocity profile is closer to pipe wall This is cause by the increased moment vector there 01 14 19 http me queensu ca people sellens teaching fluids power law php ECE5320 Mechatronics Assignment 1 Survey on sensors and actuators Slide 11 Basic Working Principal Velocity profile is also effected by the surrounding Some attributes that contribute to changes in the velocity profile and the Reynolds number are the following bend weld joint valve surface roughness 01 14 19 Bishop Figure 19 52 ECE5320 Mechatronics Assignment 1 Survey on sensors and actuators Slide 12 Basic Working Principal Differential Pressure Flow meters utilize the Reynolds number and the velocity profile to determine whether or not this type of sensor is applicable for the given situation Differential pressure flow meters are based off an energy equation that describes the fluid flow know as Bernoulli s Equation Bernoulli s Equation V12 V22 P1 gz1 P2 gz 2 2 2 01 14 19 ECE5320 Mechatronics Assignment 1 Survey on sensors and actuators Slide 13 Basic Working Principal The basic principle of nearly all differential pressure flow meters is that if a restriction is placed in a pipeline then the pressure drop across this restriction is related to the volumetric flow rate of fluid flowing through the pipe Bernoulli s Equation The orifice plate is the simplest and cheapest type of differential pressure flow meter It is simply a plate with a hole of specified size and position cut in it which can then be clamped between flanges in a pipeline Bishop Figure 19 53 Bishop Ch 19 pg 64 01 14 19 ECE5320 Mechatronics Assignment 1 Survey on sensors and actuators Slide 14 Typical Configuration Venturi Tube A section of tube forms a relatively long passage with smooth entry and exit A Venturi tube is connected to the existing pipe first narrowing down in diameter then opening up back to the original pipe diameter The changes in cross section area cause changes in velocity and pressure of the flow www efunda com www efunda com 01 14 19 ECE5320 Mechatronics Assignment 1 Survey on sensors and actuators Slide 15 Typical Configuration Nozzle A nozzle with a smooth guided entry and a sharp exit is placed in the pipe to change the flow field and create a pressure drop that is used to calculate the flow velocity www efunda com 01 14 19 ECE5320 Mechatronics Assignment 1 Survey on sensors and actuators www efunda com Slide 16 Typical Configuration Segmental Wedge A wedge shaped segment is inserted perpendicularly into one side of the pipe while the other side remains unrestricted The change in cross section area of the flow path creates pressure drops used to calculate flow velocities www efunda com 01 14 19 ECE5320 Mechatronics Assignment 1 Survey on sensors and actuators www efunda com Slide 17 Typical Configuration V Cone A cone shaped obstructing element that serves as the cross section modifier is placed at the center of the


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USU ECE 5320 - Fluid Measurement Sensors

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