Spot the ComputerHidden ComputersTechnical ChallengesSoftware complexity growingDigital Camera Block DiagramThe Design ChallengeThe Time-to-Market ChallengeSimplified Revenue ModelNREEmbedded System TechnologiesIC TechnologyMoore's Law$1000 buys you this many CPS1918 Sears Roebuck CatalogSpectrum of IC choicesHardware and SoftwareDesign ToolsCost of Designs is RisingYour Nemesis: The Altera DE2DE2 PeripheralsClass StructureCustom Project IdeasMore IdeasProjects from 2004Projects from 2005Projects from 2006Embedded System DesignProf. Stephen A. [email protected] 2007Embedded System Design – p. 1/26Spot the ComputerEmbedded System Design – p. 2/26Hidden ComputersCasio Nokia 7110 SonyCamera Browser Playstation 2Watch PhonePhilips PhilipsDVD Player TiVo RecorderEmbedded System Design – p. 3/26Technical ChallengesReal-time ComplexityConcurrency Legacy LanguagesEmbedded System Design – p. 4/26Software complexity growingSize of Typical Embedded System1985 13 kLOC1989 21 kLOC↓ 44 % per year1998 1 MLOC2000 2 MLOC2008 16 MLOC≈ Windows NT 4.02010 32 MLOC≈ Windows 2000Source: “ESP: A 10-Year Retrospective,” Embedded Systems Programming,November 1998Embedded System Design – p. 5/26Digital Camera Block DiagramEmbedded System Design – p. 6/26The Design ChallengeDesign optimal device that meets constraints onPrice FunctionalityPerformance SizePower Time-to-marketMaintainability SafetyEmbedded System Design – p. 7/26The Time-to-Market ChallengeTimePossible RevenueMarketWindowTypicaltime-to-marketconstraint:8 monthsEmbedded System Design – p. 8/26Simplified Revenue ModelTimeSalesW 2WDMarket rampOn-time curveDelayed curveLoss due to delayAssuming a constant market ramp, on-time revenue is12bh =12· 2W · W = W2and delayed revenue is12(2W − D)(W − D) so fractional revenue loss isD(3W − D)2W2= O(D2)Example: when W = 26 and D = 10, fraction lost is about 50%.Embedded System Design – p. 9/26NRENonrecurring engineering cost:The cost of producing the first one.log Volumelog Unit CostNRE cost dominatesProduction cost dominatesLow NRE, high production costsHigh NRE, low production costsEmbedded System Design – p. 10/26Embedded System TechnologiesIntegrated CircuitsProcessing elementsDesign toolsEmbedded System Design – p. 11/26IC Technology1947: First transistor (Shockley, Bell Labs)1958: First integrated circuit (Kilby, TI)1971: First microprocessor (4004: Intel)Today: six wire layers, 45 nm featuresEmbedded System Design – p. 12/26Moore’s LawGordon Moore, 1965: Exponential growth in thenumber of transistors per ICSource: IntelEmbedded System Design – p. 13/26$1000 buys you this many CPS1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200010−410−21102104106108 ElectromechanicalRelayTube TransistorIntegrated CircuitSource: Ray Kurzweil, The Age of Spiritual MachinesEmbedded System Design – p. 14/261918 Sears Roebuck CatalogAbout $100 in today’s dollars.From Donald Norman, The Invisible Computer, 1998.Embedded System Design – p. 15/26Spectrum of IC choicesFull CustomASICGate ArrayFPGAPLDGP ProcessorSP ProcessorMultifunctionFixed-functionYou choosepolygons (Intel)circuit (Sony)wireslogic networklogic functionprogram (e.g., Pentium)program (e.g., DSP)settings (e.g., Ethernet)part number (e.g., 74LS00)FlexibilityEmbedded System Design – p. 16/26Hardware and SoftwareHardwareParallelSynchronousLogic GatesWire-basedcommunicationFixed topologyLow powerMore detailedHigh NREFasterSoftwareSequentialAsynchronousStored programsMemory-basedcommunicationHighly programmableHigh powerLess detailedNo NRESlowerEmbedded System Design – p. 17/26Design ToolsHardwareLogic SynthesisPlace-and-routeDRC/ERC/LVSSimulatorsSoftwareCompilersAssemblersLinkersDebuggersEmbedded System Design – p. 18/26Cost of Designs is Rising1981: 100 designer-months for leading-edge chip10k transistors, 100 transistors/month2002: 30 000 designer-months150M transistors, 5000 transistors/monthDesign cost increased from $1M to $300M1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010Transistors per chipTransistors/designer-month10010k1M100M10GEmbedded System Design – p. 19/26Your Nemesis: The Altera DE2Embedded System Design – p. 20/26DE2 PeripheralsEmbedded System Design – p. 21/26Class StructureThree Introductory Labs: 1.5 weeks each1. Access, modify, and display memory in VHDL2. An Ethernet chat client (software only)3. Either(a) an FM audio synthesizer;(b) a video bouncing ball; or(c) image convolution with a 3× 3 kernelThe project: Design-your-ownEmbedded System Design – p. 22/26Custom Project IdeasBroadly: C + VHDL + peripheral(s)Video game (e.g., Pac-Man)Video effects processorDigital picture frameSerial terminalSerial port monitorVery fancy digital clock (w/ video)Embedded System Design – p. 23/26More IdeasDigital tone controlDigital sound effects processorReal-time audio spectrum analyzerSpeech synthesizerInternet radioEmbedded System Design – p. 24/26Projects from 2004MIDI synthesizerLine-following robot with video visionSAE student vehicle telemetry systemStereo video vision systemPac-man-like video gameInternet video cameraEmbedded System Design – p. 25/26Projects from 2005Scrabble TimerScorched Earth Video GameSAE Auto ShifterInternet Radio Broadcaster3D Maze GameVoice-over-IP TelephoneJPEG decoderSokoban video gameRally-X video gameEmbedded System Design – p. 26/26Projects from 2006Video-guided Lego Robot360◦camera de-warperVideogame with accelerated line-drawingVoice recorderInternet radioJPEG decoderVoice over IP tranceiverEmbedded System Design – p.
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