Democracy and Development1.Defining Democracy1.Measuring Democracy?2.The Relationship Between Development and Democracy: Theories of Democracy3.The Legacy of Democracy in Africa4.Democratization and Emergence of Representative Democracies5.What is the future of Democracy in Africa?6.Democracy and Development7.The Recent Economic Performance of Democracies in Africa8.Concluding RemarksPolitical Instability-Chapter 12I. IntroductionIntroduction: Political InstabilityII.Institutions and Economic DevelopmentII. Institutions and Development cont.Institutions and DevelopmentConcepts of Political InstabilityC. Studies of PI and Economic DevelopmentConceptual/Theoretical IssuesPolicy ImplicationsConclusion and Policy Implications contd.Chapter 13: Inequality and Conflict Article by Professor Wayne Nafziger of KSUThe Political Economy of Inequality and Conflict in AfricaI. INTRODUCTION cont.II. STAGNATION & DECLINE INCOMESSlide 26II.Stagnation and Decline incomeII. Economic Stagnation and decline: External FactorsIII. Failure of Adjustment To Chronic External DeficitsIV. The Failure of Agricultural and Rural DevelopmentIV. Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentIV.Agriculture & Rural Stagnation and declineV. Income InequalityV. Income Inequality-Example- NigeriaV.Income Inequality: Example-South AfricaVI. Military Centrality and ConflictVII. Competition & Conflict Over Minerals and other Natural ResourcesVIII. Conclusion and Policy ImplicationsNext LecturesDemocracy and Democracy and DevelopmentDevelopmentNnadozie, Chapter 11Nnadozie, Chapter 111.Defining Democracy1.Defining DemocracyProcess Democracy-Process Democracy-involves the election of leaders in involves the election of leaders in free and fair periodic elections of leaders by citizens.free and fair periodic elections of leaders by citizens.Principled DemocracyPrincipled Democracy: Individual rights protected with : Individual rights protected with majority rule, independent judiciary, protection of majority rule, independent judiciary, protection of individual and minority rights with political competition, individual and minority rights with political competition, and rule of law..and rule of law..Joseph Schumpeter,Joseph Schumpeter, “ “Democracy is an institutional Democracy is an institutional arrangement of arriving at political decisions in which arrangement of arriving at political decisions in which individuals acquire the power to decide by means of individuals acquire the power to decide by means of competitive struggle for the people’s votecompetitive struggle for the people’s vote.”.”1.Measuring Democracy?1.Measuring Democracy?The most widely used index of democracy is the The most widely used index of democracy is the Freedom House Index (FHI) Freedom House Index (FHI) that ranges from 1 that ranges from 1 to 7, where FHI=1 (completely Free), and FHI=7 to 7, where FHI=1 (completely Free), and FHI=7 (completely authoritarian)(completely authoritarian)FHI RangesFHI Ranges: : Free= 1-2.5 ,Free= 1-2.5 ,Partly Free= 3-5.5 Partly Free= 3-5.5 Not Free= 5.5-7.00 Not Free= 5.5-7.002.The Relationship Between Development 2.The Relationship Between Development and Democracy: and Democracy: Theories of DemocracyTheories of DemocracyThe Impact of Development on Democracy-4 approachesThe Impact of Development on Democracy-4 approaches1. 1. Modernization TheoryModernization Theory: prosperity leads to emergence of : prosperity leads to emergence of prerequisites to democracyprerequisites to democracy2. 2. Neo-modernization:Neo-modernization: Regimes with income below $2000 are Regimes with income below $2000 are likely to collapse under economic downturn.likely to collapse under economic downturn.3. 3. Civil Society TheoryCivil Society Theory: Societal pre-conditions or requirements for : Societal pre-conditions or requirements for democracy. CS includes: labor unions, student groups, chamber of democracy. CS includes: labor unions, student groups, chamber of commerce, teachers union, women’s group, church groups, etc.commerce, teachers union, women’s group, church groups, etc...4 4 Structural ExplanationStructural Explanation; Based on business cycles. Bourgeoisie ; Based on business cycles. Bourgeoisie (class of business people) independent of the state tend to be (class of business people) independent of the state tend to be democratic.democratic.3.The Legacy of Democracy in 3.The Legacy of Democracy in AfricaAfricaTwo movements toward “democracy” involvesTwo movements toward “democracy” involves: : the de-colonization period of the 1960s, and the wave of the de-colonization period of the 1960s, and the wave of democratization that began in 1989-following the democratization that began in 1989-following the collapse of Soviet Union and end of the Cold warcollapse of Soviet Union and end of the Cold warThe colonial origin of non-democratic AfricaThe colonial origin of non-democratic AfricaA colonial African state had three features: Europeans A colonial African state had three features: Europeans holding large industries, Asian in the middle engaged in holding large industries, Asian in the middle engaged in wholesale and retail trading, and Africans engaged in wholesale and retail trading, and Africans engaged in farming, market trading, and rudimentary services.farming, market trading, and rudimentary services.At Independence there was no business class or At Independence there was no business class or bourgeoisie in most African states.bourgeoisie in most African states.4.Democratization and Emergence 4.Democratization and Emergence of Representative Democraciesof Representative DemocraciesThere was some experimentation with governance which There was some experimentation with governance which involved military coups in the 1970s.involved military coups in the 1970s.Before 1989, only three countries were free based on Before 1989, only three countries were free based on FHI with 1-2.5, (Botswana, Senegal, Mauritius)FHI with 1-2.5, (Botswana, Senegal, Mauritius) 17 partially free, and 25 countries not free.17 partially free, and 25 countries not free.After 1989, there was a wave of democratization that led After 1989, there was a wave of democratization that led to 8 countries toto 8 countries to be free (Benin, Botswana, Cape be free (Benin, Botswana, Cape Verde, Mali, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Verde, Mali, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa,