Single Gene Inheritance and Meiosis Definitions Mutation a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA Diploid having two copies of every chromosome Homologous Chromosomes the two copies of each chromosome in a diploid cell One chromosome in the pair is inherited from the mother the other is inherited from the father Phenotype the visible or measurable features of an individual Genotype the particular genetic makeup of an individual Gametes specialized reproductive cells that carry one copy of each chromosome that is they are haploid Sperm are male gametes eggs are female gametes Haploid having only one copy of every chromosome Meiosis a specialized type of cell division that generates unique haploid gametes Zygote a cell that is capable of developing into an adult organism The zygote is formed when an egg is fertilized by a sperm Embryo an early stage of development reached when a zygote undergoes cell division to form a multi cellular structure Recombination the stage of meiosis in which maternal and paternal chromosomes pair and physically exchange DNA segments Independent Assortment the principle that alleles of different genes are distributed independently of one another during meiosis Recessive Allele an allele the reveals itself in the phenotype only if the organism has two copies of that allele Dominant Allele an allele that can make the presence of a recessive allele Heterozygous having two identical alleles Punnett Square a diagram used to determine probabilities of offspring having particular genotypes given the genotype of the parents Carrier an individual who is heterozygous for a particular gene or interest and therefore can pass on the recessive allele without showing any of its affects
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