Cell Function and Structure Definitions Antibiotic a chemical that can slow or stop the growth of bacteria many antibiotics are produced by living organisms Cell Theory the concept that all living organisms are made of cells and that cells are formed by the reproduction of existing cells Prokaryotic Cells cells that lack internal membrane bound organelles Eukaryotic Cells cells that contain membrane bound organelles including a central nucleus Organelles the membrane bound compartments of eukaryotic cells that carry out specific functions Cell Membrane a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that forms the boundary of all cells Cytoplasm the gelatinous aqueous interior of all cells Ribosome a complex of RNA and protein that carries out protein synthesis in all cells Nucleus the organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material Cell Wall a rigid structure enclosing the cell membrane of some cells that help the cell maintain its shape Osmosis a diffusion of water across a semi permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration Peptidoglycan a macromolecule that forms all bacterial cell walls and provides rigidity to the cell wall Gram Positive refers to bacteria with a cell wall that includes a thick layer of peptidoglycan that retains the Gram stain Gram Negative refers to bacteria with a cell wall that includes a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer lipid membrane that does not retain the Gram stain Simple Diffusion the movement of small hydrophobic molecules across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration simple diffusion does not require energy Transport Proteins proteins involved in the movement of molecules across the cell membrane Facilitated Diffusion the process by which large or hydrophilic solutes move across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the help of transport proteins Active Transport the energy requiring process by which solutes are pumped from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration with the help of transport proteins Nuclear Envelope the double membrane surrounding the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell Mitochondria membrane bound organelles responsible for important energy conversion reactions in eukaryotes Endoplasmic Reticulum a membrane enclosed series of passages in eukaryotic cells in which proteins and lipids are synthesized Golgi Apparatus an organelle made up of stacked membrane enclosed discs that packages proteins and prepares them for transport Chloroplast an organelle in plant and algae cells that is the site of photosynthesis Lysosome an organelle in eukaryotic cells filled with enzymes that can degrade worn out cellular structure Cytoskeleton a network of protein fibers in eukaryotic cells that provides structure and facilitates cell movement Endosymbiosis the theory that free living prokaryotic cells engulfed other free living prokaryotic cells billions of years ago forming eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts
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