PHIS 206 1st EditionLecture 32Outline of Last Lecture I. Location + Anatomy of PituitaryII. Blood Supply in Anterior Pituitary GlandIII. Mammals (except humans)IV. 2 Kinds of Hormones of Posterior PituitaryV. Anterior LobeVI. Secretions of Anterior Pituitary VII. Hormones of Anterior LobeVIII. Growth HormoneOutline of Current Lecture I. Thyroid GlandII. 2 Thyroid HormonesIII. Follicular CellsIV. T4 v. T3V. Major Effect of Thyroid HormoneVI. Anabolic ProcessesVII. Fat-Mobilizing VIII. Thyroid HormoneIX. TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)X. TRHXI. Causes of HypothyroidismXII. Symptoms of HypothyroidismXIII. Causes of HyperthyroidismXIV. Symptoms + Effects of Grave’s DiseaseXV. Another Cause of HyperthyroidismXVI. GoiterCurrent LectureI. Thyroid Gland-consists of 2 bulbs connected by a narrow connective tissue-cells have sacs surrounded by a one-layer with liquid in the inside-Follicle cell: outside-colloid: “like glue”; inside of follicle cellII. 2 Thyroid Hormones-T4: Tetraiodothyronine -T3: TriiodothyronineThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-Major effect: increase basal metabolic rate (increase rate at which cells use oxygen)III. Follicular Cells-vigorous active systems that allow them to take up tyrosine and iodide from plasma tyrosine: amino acid some tyrosine: material to synthesize thyroglobino on ribosomes, E.R., golgi body, etc… thyroglobin is synthesized in tyrosine cells but secreted into colloids iodide diffuses into colloid-loads of thyroglobin = high concentration of iodide in follicular cells -you can iodinate proteins easily-tyrosines which thyroglobin is loaded with wind up with iodide ions attached  1 I: monoiodotyrosine 2 I: diiodotyrosine-iodinated tyrosines spontaneously react with one another and attach  2 I + 2 I: tetraiodotyrosine 2 I + 1 I: triiodotyrosince 1 I + 1I: diiodotyrosine (no endocrine property of thyroid)o diiodotyrosine more reactive than monoiodotyrosineo all occurs when thyroglobin is in colloids -endocytosis (drink) and lysozomes break thyroglobin into amino acids -derivatives are T4 and T3 (fat-soluble) NOT PEPTIDES OR STEROIDS behave as steroids (diffuse out before synthesis) bind to proteinsIV. T4 v. T3-90% of what is released: T4-5 times more potent (gives response): T3-T4 converted to T3 when passing kidneys and liver-90-95% response comes from T3V. Major Effect of Thyroid Hormone-increase basal metabolic rate (oxidation of substrates) generates heat: calorigenic effectVI. Anabolic Processes-protein process that will not proceed in the absence of the thyroid hormone-normal physiological catabolic: needs to break down-increases metabolism decreases fat, glycogen, protein result: reduce muscle massVII. Fat-Mobilizing-thyroid hormone increases receptors of norepinephrine makes cells more sensitive to stimuli responses are exaggerated sympathomimetic: dramatic effect that the thyroid hormone has-other effects of high levels of thyroidism increase cardiac output increase blood pressureVIII. Thyroid Hormone-essential to growth-essential to normal function of CNSIX. TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)-stimulated to take up more tyrosine and iodide and make thyroglobin-TSH increases thyroid hormone-TSH deficiency  thyroid gland doesn’t make much thyroglobin, so bulk of follicle cells have atrophy -TSH excess hypertrophy of thyroid gland follicles bigger, thyroid gland biggerX. TRH (from hypothalamus)-stimulates TSH-negative feedback in which thyroid hormone inhibits TRH + TRH decreases TSH stimulationXI. Causes of Hypothyroidism-defect in follicular cells-reduced pathological secretion of TRH-anterior pituitary disorder-iodide deficiency XII. Symptoms of Hypothyroidism-basal metabolic rate decreases-person gains weight-intolerance to cold-fatigue easily-low blood pressure-reflexes low-slow-thinking-sluggish-myxedema: accumulation of fluid subcutaneously (ADULTS) edema means swelling myxedema: swelling of ankles-cretinism: retarded growth, profoundly retarded (NEWBORNS) no survival chance as dwarfXIII. Causes of Hyperthyroidism-Grave’s Disease: production of abnormal antibody that fools thyroid gland into thinking it is TSH stimulates follicular cells into doing job, but NOT subject to negative feedback increased circulating levels of thyroid hormoneXIV. Symptoms + Effects of Grave’s Disease-weight loss -muscle weakness-heart rate increases, blood pressure increases, cardiac output increases-Central Nervous System hyperactivity-reduced emotional control-irritable, paranoia, anxiety-exophtalmos: bulgy eyes dues to accumulation of fluid behind eyesXV. Another Cause of Hyperthyroidism-Thyroid-Stimulating TumorXVI. Goiter-enlarged thyroid cannot tell by looking whether it is hypo- or hyper- thyroidism does not enlarge thyroid under stimulated (hyperthyroidism)o no goitero iodine deficiency: goiter with