2/17/14!1!Diversity of Wisconsin Rosids!. . . oaks, birches, evening primroses . . .!a major group of the woody plants (trees/shrubs) present at your sites!The Wind Pollinated Trees!• Alternate leaved tree families!• Wind pollinated with ament/catkin inflorescences!• Nut fruits = 1 seeded, unilocular, indehiscent! (example - acorn)!*Juglandaceae - walnut family!Well known family containing walnuts, hickories, and pecans!!Only 7 genera and ca. 50 species worldwide, with only 2 genera and 4 species in Wisconsin!Juglans cinera!Butternut, white walnut!Carya ovata!shagbark hickory!Leaves pinnately compound, alternate (walnuts have smallest leaflets at tip)!!Leaves often aromatic from resinous peltate glands; allelopathic to other plants!Juglans cinera!Butternut, white walnut!Carya ovata!shagbark hickory!*Juglandaceae - walnut family!2/17/14!2!The chambered pith in center of young stems in Juglans (walnuts) separates it from un-chambered pith in Carya (hickories)!Juglans regia!English walnut!*Juglandaceae - walnut family!Trees are monoecious!!Wind pollinated!Juglans nigra!Black walnut!Female flower!Male inflorescence!*Juglandaceae - walnut family!Male flowers apetalous and arranged in pendulous (drooping) catkins or aments on last year’s woody growth!!Calyx small; each flower with a bract!CA 3-6 CO 0 A 3-∞ G 0!Juglans cinera!Butternut, white walnut!*Juglandaceae - walnut family!Female flowers apetalous and terminal!!Calyx cup-shaped and persistant; 2 stigma feathery; bracted!CA (4) CO 0 A 0 G (2-3)!Juglans cinera!Butternut, white walnut!Juglans nigra!Black walnut!*Juglandaceae - walnut family!2/17/14!3!Carya cordiformis !Bitternut hickory!Juglans cinera!Butternut, white walnut!Fruit a nut!Single ovule fused to ovary wall!Surrounded often by persistant 4-parted calyx which can become fleshy; !thus sometimes mistakenly called a “drupe”!*Juglandaceae - walnut family!Fruit a nut!Single ovule fused to ovary wall!Surrounded often by persistant 4-parted calyx which can become fleshy; !thus sometimes mistakenly called a “drupe”!*Juglandaceae - walnut family!Juglans nigra - black walnut!One of the most prized of all lumber trees for fine furniture is black walnut - primarily southern Wisconsin tree!*Juglandaceae - walnut family!Juglans cinera - white walnut, butternut!Previously wide-spread, the butternut is now “special concern” species with up to 60% of the trees in Wisconsin now infected with the butternut canker fungus (Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum)!*Juglandaceae - walnut family!2/17/14!4!Carya ovata - shagbark hickory!One of the more common trees of more mesic to xeric forests over much of Wisconsin - oak/hickory forests - is the shagbark hickory with its characteristic peeling bark and usually 5 leaflets!401 final exam trick “flower”!*Juglandaceae - walnut family!Carya cordiformis !Bitternut hickory!Usually 7 leaflets!*Juglandaceae - walnut family!**Fagaceae - beech family!Similar to Juglandaceae, except simple leaves and nut enclosed by subtending bracts; comprise 8 genera and about 1000 species!In Wisconsin we have beech, oaks, and chestnut!Fagus - beech!Castanea - chestnut!Quercus - oak!**Fagaceae - beech family!American beech is characteristic of mesic forests in eastern Wisconsin - beech/maple forest!!Beech apparently colonized Wisconsin from both the southeast and northeast via Upper Peninsula!!Fagus grandifolia - American beech!2/17/14!5!**Fagaceae - beech family!Fagus grandifolia - American beech!Branches are flattened, leaves with toothed edges!!2 pistillate flowers (2 nuts) surrounded by one set of bracts!Quercus, the oaks, have bracts below female flower that coalesce into a woody cup of the acorn fruit (nut)!Quercus usually separated into two groups:!White oaks - rounded leaf lobes, thinner walled xylem of summer wood, fruit matures in 1 yr!!Red oaks - bristle tipped leaf lobes, thicker xylem, fruit matures in 2 yrs!**Fagaceae - beech family!White oaks - rounded leaf lobes, thinner walled xylem of summer wood, fruit matures in 1 yr!!Red oaks - bristle tipped leaf lobes, thicker xylem, fruit matures in 2 yrs!Extensive (!) hybridization within each of the two groups — species boundaries not at all clear!**Fagaceae - beech family!**Fagaceae - beech family!Quercus alba - white oak!White oak - Alleghenian species typical of more mesic woodlands in Wisconsin. !2/17/14!6!**Fagaceae - beech family!Quercus macrocarpa!bur oak!Bur oak: Ozarkian element species of xeric oak woodlands and oak savannas!**Fagaceae - beech family!Quercus muhlenbergii!Chinquapin oak!Quercus bicolor - swamp white oak!Other white oaks:!**Fagaceae - beech family!Quercus rubra!Red oak!Red oaks:!**Fagaceae - beech family!Quercus velutina!Black oak!Quercus coccinea!Scarlet oak!special concern!Red oaks:!2/17/14!7!**Fagaceae - beech family!Castanea dentata American chestnut!Introduced!!2 female flowers per spiny involucre !**Fagaceae - beech family!Castanea dentata!American chestnut!American chestnut!Massachusetts in late 1800s!Japanese chestnut in Connecticut - resistant!**Betulaceae - birch family!Strictly monoecious family of shrubs and small trees!!Both female (erect) and male (drooping) inflorescences are in aments/catkins!Fruit a small nut or 1 seeded samara, subtended by 3-lobed bract!**Betulaceae - birch family!Betula papyrifera - paper birch!2/17/14!8!**Betulaceae - birch family!Betula pumila!Bog birch!Betula allegheniensis!Yellow birch!Characteristic of northern hardwood forest; requires rich humus of tree falls to germinate; once prized veneer tree!**Betulaceae - birch family!Betula nigra - river birch!!River birch is a classic floodplain tree species south of the tension zone growing with silver maple!**Betulaceae - birch family!Alnus, the alders form extensive thickets in wet areas or along rivers and lakes; seeds form in woody “cone” inflorescences!**Betulaceae - birch family!Ostrya virginiana - eastern hop hornbeam, ironwood!Note the hops-like inflorescence!2 trees of mesic woods:!Humulus – hops!Cannabinaceae!2/17/14!9!**Betulaceae - birch family!Carpinus caroliniana!Hornbeam, blue beech, muscle tree!Note the sinewy trunk!2 trees of mesic woods:! and!**Betulaceae - birch family!Corylus americana!Hazelnut, filbert!Corylus cornuta!Beaked hazelnut, filbert!Hazelnuts or filberts are small shrubs with highly prized fruits low in saturated fats!Myricaceae - bayberry family!Myrica gale - sweet gale! Comptonia peregrina - sweet
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