Chemistry Carbohydrates Notes Atom a unit of matter Three main sub particles protons positively charged neutrons neutral electrons negatively charged First shell holds 2 electrons and all other shells hold 8 electrons The number of electrons in the outermost shell determines how reactive the atom will be Outermost electron shell unfilled unstable very reactive Outermost electron shell filled stable un reactive Covalent bond sharing of electrons Polar covalent bond electrons are shared unequally between atoms molecule has slightly positive and negative charge Ion an atom with a positive or negative charge Ionic bond an attraction of opposites Covalently bonded molecules a fixed number of atoms make up the molecule Ionic compound no fixed number of atoms participating in the link up Hydrogen bonds an attraction between opposite charges doesn t involve the sharing of electrons Hydrophilic will react with water polar molecules Hydrophobic will not react with water non polar molecules Water is unique high heat capacity buffers against temperature change is less dense as solid has high cohesion is a universal solvent but cannot dissolve non polar molecules Acids and bases strength measure on pH scale pH is a measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions Carbon forms covalent bonds with electrons forms very stable molecules Double bond a type of covalent bond where two pairs of electrons are shared Biomolecules carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids Monomer a single subunit Polymer three to millions of subunits Water is a byproduct of polymerization reactions condensation reaction and is required for polymers Glycogen how animals store carbohydrates Starch how plants store carbohydrates Cellulose primarily structural Chitin is a glucose polymer that forms insect exoskeletons Glycogen branching occurs about every 10 links Starch branching occurs about every 30 links Enzymes with hydrolize starch and glycogen do so from the ends of branches Cellulose no branching Glycogen and starch are water soluble cellulose is not Cellulose has internal H bonding that is stronger than the H bonding between glucose and outside water Water is kept out of cellulose Cellulose is the most abundant organic molecule on earth
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