ANTHROPOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMANITY FROM ITS EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS TO TODAY S CULTURAL DIVERSITY KEY CONCEPT CULTURE KNOWLEDGE OF HOW TO ACT AS A MEMBER OF SOCIETY KNOWLEDGE OF EXPECTATIONS KNOWLEDGE OF APPROPRIATE AND WRONGFUL ACTIONS ANTHROPOLOGY FOCUS ON STUDY OF HUMANS AND ALL ASPECTS OF BEING HUMAN DIFFERENT FROM OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES IN TIME AND SCOPE KEY CONCEPTS DISTINGUISH ANTHROPOLOGY FROM OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES KEY CONCEPTS CULTURE SOCIETY HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE ETHNOCENTRISM CULTURAL RELATIVISM GLOBALIZATION SOCIETY SHARED GEOGRAPHICAL TERRITORY PEOPLE LIVING IN ORGANIZED GROUPS WITH SOCIAL ROLES AND STATUSES SOCIAL RELATIONS BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS OF INDIVIDUALS INTERDEPENDENCE COMPONENTS OF CULTURE Language Making a Living and Economic System Social Organization Kinship Descent and Marriage Enculturation How we learn our culture Political Organization Culture Change Religion Arts Concepts of Illness and Disease ENCULTURATION CULTURE IS LEARNED AND TRAMSMITTED FROM ONE GENERATION TO ANOTHER LEARN WHAT S IMPORTANT TO KNOW TO ACT AS A MEMBER OF YOUR CULTURE ENCULTURATION IS SHAPED BY KEY CULTURAL VAUES ANTHROPOLOGY IS A UNIQUE SOCIAL SCIENCE Time Depth Global Focus Comparative Approach Holistic Four Field Approach Core Concept of Culture Globalization HOLISTIC Culture as an integrated whole All parts of culture are interconnected No part of culture can be studied in isolation Studying culture involves studying the cultural models people have learned Key Question Why does this behavior emotion make sense in this culture EXAMPLE OF HOLISM Arrangement of Furniture in USA reflects core cultural value of individualism Individual bedrooms reflect value on individualism consistent with an economy where families are dependent on individual wage earners COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE Cultural data is drawn from throughout the world and from throughout human history Collect data about behavior and beliefs in many societies in order to understand the diversity of human behavior and emotions Understand common patterns in ways people adapt to their environment adjust to their neighbors and develop cultural institutions CULTURE Learned values beliefs rules of conduct shared to some extent by the members of society that govern peoples behavior and the way people think about themselves and the world Everything that people have think feel act and do as members of a society All cultures are comprised of material objects ideas values attitudes and patterned ways of behaving Four Fields ARCHAEOLOGY BIOLOGICAL OR PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGY STUDY OF PAST CULTURES PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC RELAY ON EVIDENCE ARTIFACTS FROM MATERIAL CULTURE AND THE SITES WHERE PEOPLE LIVED EVIDENCE REVEALS HOW PEOPLE LIVED AND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GROUPS OF PEOPLE ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS STUDY OF LANGUAGE AND THE SPEAKERS USE OF LANGUAGE AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND OTHER ASPECTS OF CULTURE AND SOCIETY CULTURE IS LEARNED THROUGH LANGUAGE HISTORIC AND DESCRIPTIVE LINGUISTICS PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Biological Anthropology Study of Human origins evolution and contemporary Human variation Primate social organization Interface between biology and culture Example Andes greater lung capacity adaptation to low oxygen HUMAN VARIATION Race is always a social not a biological concept Conventional Classification of Race is pseudoscience Hair texture skin color and facial characteristics are arbitrary and randomly selected Skin tone is function of evolutionary adaptation to climate Race as conventionally used is wrong APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY SOLVES PROBLEMS PRESERVES CULTURAL INTEGRITY OF GROUP OF PEOPLE RELIES ON CULTURAL GROUP FOR INFORMATION ABOUT HOW THEY WANT THE PROBLEM SOLVES APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGIST BRIDGES DISCIPLINE OF CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY STUDIES SUSCEPTIBILITIES AND RESISTANCE OF CERTAIN POPULATION TO SPECIFIC DISEASE STUDIES HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY SUB FIELD WITHIN BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY ANALYZE HUMAN REMAINS IN SERVICE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND FAMILIES OF DISASTER VICTIMS HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES GENOCIDE APPLIED ARCHAEOLOGY CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT APPLICATION OF ARCHAEOLOGY TO PRESERVE AND PROTECT HISTORIC STRUCTURES AND PREHISTORIC SITES OUTGROWTH OF FEDERAL AND STATE LAWS TO PROTECT PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC SITES CONTRACT ARCHAEOLOGY APPLICATION OF ARCHAEOLOGY TO ASSES THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF CONSTRUCTION ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES SALVAGE ARCHAEOLOGY CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY The ways people organize their living in societies The study of cultural behavior in recent and contemporary cultures Ethnology building theories to explain cultural practices based on comparative study of societies throughout the world Ethnography a holistic intensive study of groups through observation interview and participation CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY ETHNOGRAPHY ETHNOGRAPHER FIELD WORK PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION ETHNOCENTRISM The widespread human tendency to perceive to perceive the ways of doing things and beliefs about things in one s culture as normal and natural and that of others as strange inferior and possibly un natural One s own culture is superior the best and others are inferior Everybody everywhere is a little ethnocentric CULTURAL RELATIVISM Counters Ethnocentrism Stresses the importance of analyzing cultures in their own terms rather than in terms of the culture of the anthropologist This does not mean that all cultural practices cultural beliefs and behaviors can be condone Different from ethical relativism all right and wrong relative to time place and culture so that no moral judgments of behavior can be made GLOBALIZATION DISTINGUISHES ANTHROPOLOGY FROM OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES CULTURAL CONTACT AND CONTACT CHANGES SPECIFIC CULTURES RAPID TRANSFORMATION OF CULTURES WORLD WIDE IN RESPONSE TO ECONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL INFLUENCES GLOBALIZATION OCCURRED IN THE PAST WHEN STATES AND EMPIRES EXPANDED THEIR INFLUENCE BEYOND THEIR BOARDERS COLONIALISM CONTEMPORARY GLOBALIZATION BASED ON INTERCONNECTED ECONOMIES CHANGE CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS AT THE LOCAL LEVEL AMERICANIZATION BY PRODUCT OF GLOBALIZATION THE SPREAD OF DOMINANT AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN CULTURAL PRACTICES CONSUMERISM CULTURAL ICONS AND MEDIA AND ENTERTAINMENT