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MIT 6 111 - Flat Panel Display Devices

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Lecture 136.111 Flat Panel Display DevicesApplications of Flat-Panel DisplaysSome Display TerminologiesInformation Capacity of Displays(Pixel Count)How Do Displays Work?Human Eye— Spectral ResponseEmissive DisplaysLight Valve DisplaysCathode Ray TubePlasma DisplaysOrganic Light Emitting DiodeDigital Mirror DeviceLiquid Crystal DisplaysTFT AMLCDStandard Display Addressing ModesSequential Addressing (Raster Scan)Composite FramesDisplay Timing Generator ParametersDirect vs. Matrix AddressingMatrix AddressingActive Matrix AddressingGrey Shades Generation TechniquesGrey Scale Generation(Spatial Modulation / Frame Rate Control)Grey Scale Generation(Amplitude Modulation)Color Generation TechniquesDriver CircuitsRow Driver CircuitsColumn Driver CircuitsAnalog Data DriverDigital Data Drivers6.111 Digital System Laboratory---Spring 2006 Lecture 13 - Flat Panel Displays1Lecture 136.111 Flat Panel Display DevicesOutline• Overview Flat Panel Display Devices– How do Displays Work?–Emissive Displays– Light Valve Displays• Display Drivers– Addressing Schemes– Display Timing Generator– Gray Scale / Color SchemesTayo AkinwandeFor more info take graduate course, 6.987 on flat panel displays6.111 Digital System Laboratory---Spring 2006 Lecture 13 - Flat Panel Displays2Applications of Flat-Panel DisplaysPersonal Digital AssistantCar Navigation & EntertainmentMedical DefibrillatorSMALL FORMATMP3 PlayerDesktop Monitor (color)Large Screen Television (color) LARGE FORMATCourtesy of PixTech6.111 Digital System Laboratory---Spring 2006 Lecture 13 - Flat Panel Displays3Some Display TerminologiesTerm Definition Pixel Picture element⎯The smallest unit that can be addressed to give color and intensity Pixel Matrix Number of Rows by the Number of Columns of pixels that make up the deisplay Aspect Ratio Ratio of display width to display height; for example 4:3, 16:9 Resolution (ppi) Number of pixels per unit length (ppi=pixels per inch) Frame Rate (Hz) Number of Frames displayed per second Viewing Angle (°) Angular range over which images from the display could be viewed without distortion Diagonal Size Length of display diagonal Contrast Ratio Ratio of the highest luminance (brightest) to the lowest luminance (darkest)6.111 Digital System Laboratory---Spring 2006 Lecture 13 - Flat Panel Displays4Information Capacity of Displays(Pixel Count)Resolution Pixel Ratio Video Graphic Array (VGA) 640 x 480 x RGB 4:3 Super Vedio Graphic Array (SVGA) 800 x 600 x RGB 4:3 eXtended Graphic Array (XGA) 1,024 x 768 x RGB 4:3 Super eXtended Graphic Array (SXGA) 1,280 x 1,024 RGB 5:4 Super eXtended Graphic Array plus (SXGA+) 1,400 x 1,080 x RGB 4:3 Ultra eXtended Graphic Array (UXGA) 1,600 x 1,200 x RGB 4:3 Quad eXtended Graphics Array (QXGA) 2048 x 1536 x RGB 4:3 Quad Super eXtended Graphics Array (QSXGA) 2560 x 2048 x RGB 4:3 Display Devices, No. 21, Spring 2000, p. 416.111 Digital System Laboratory---Spring 2006 Lecture 13 - Flat Panel Displays5How Do Displays Work?Pankove• Electronic display converts “Time Sequential Electrical Signals”into spatially and temporally configured light signal (images).– Electrical signals are appropriately routed to the various display elements (similar to memory addressing)– Display element (pixel) converts the routed electrical signal at its input into light of certain wavelength and intensity (inverse of image capture)6.111 Digital System Laboratory---Spring 2006 Lecture 13 - Flat Panel Displays6Human Eye— Spectral Response0.000.200.400.600.801.001.20400 450 500 550 600 650 70Wavelength (nm)Relative SensistivityVioletBlueGreenOrangeYellowRed6.111 Digital System Laboratory---Spring 2006 Lecture 13 - Flat Panel Displays7Emissive Displays• Displays that generate photons when an electrical signal is applied between the terminals• Energy causes excitation followed by excitation relaxation– Hole + Electron recombination – Exciton formation and annihilation– Relaxation of excited radicals in a plasma• The different types of Luminescence differ mostly in the way the holes and electrons are generated– holes and electrons are generated by UV in a phosphor which then recombine and generate red, green or blue light —Photoluminescence or Phosphorescence– holes and electrons injected by pn junction or generated by impact ionization or excitation which then recombine and generate red, green or blue light —Electroluminescence– holes and electrons generated by electron beam which then recombine and generate red, green or blue light — Cathodoluminescence• Examples of Emissive Flat Panel Displays– Electroluminescence (Light Emitting Diode, Organic-Light Emitting Devices & In-organic ELectroluminescent Displays)– Cathodoluminescence (Cathode Ray Tube, Vacuum Florescent Display, Field Emission Display)– Photoluminescence (PLasma Displays)6.111 Digital System Laboratory---Spring 2006 Lecture 13 - Flat Panel Displays8Light Valve Displays• Displays that “spatially and temporally” modulate ambient lighting or broad source of light and redirect to the eye.• Display element spatially changes the intensity of plane wave of light using – Refraction– Reflection– Polarization change• These displays are part of a broader class of devices called Spatial Light Modulators which in general operate though local– Amplitude change– Polarization change– Phase change– Intensity change• Examples of Light Valve Displays– Liquid Crystal Displays (active & passive matrix)– Deformable Mirror Displays– Membrane Mirror Displays– Electrophoretic Displays (E-Ink)6.111 Digital System Laboratory---Spring 2006 Lecture 13 - Flat Panel Displays9Cathode Ray TubeCRT DisplayPhosphor ScreenAnodeCathodeElectrons beam “boiled off a metal” by heat (thermionicemission) is sequentially scanned across a phosphor screen by magnetic deflection. The electrons are accelerated to the screen acquiring energy and generate light on reaching the screen (cathodoluminescence) Courtesy of PixTech6.111 Digital System Laboratory---Spring 2006 Lecture 13 - Flat Panel Displays10Plasma Displays• Electrons are accelerated by voltage and collide with gasses resulting in ionization and energy transfer• Excited ions or radicals relax to give UV photons• UV photons cause hole-electron generation in phosphor and visible light emissionWeber, SID 00 Digest, p. 402.6.111 Digital System Laboratory---Spring 2006 Lecture 13 - Flat Panel


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MIT 6 111 - Flat Panel Display Devices

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