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CC BIO 44 - Zoogeography Lecture Notes

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zoogeographySlide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Origins of South American MammalsSlide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40zoogeographyWhat is the maximum range of an organism?Abiotic limits ; Temperature, oceans, mountainsBiotic limits; competition, disease, predators?Distribution of all hummingbirds (a family distribution – speciation allows specialization within a region. North – too cold, short summer – how flowers pollinatedOtherwise; oceans.Alfred Russell Wallace 1823-1913Expansion along the mid-Atlantic ridgeOne plate moving under another – creates volcanoes, deep sea trenchesConvergent evolution of body types, placentals vs marsupials.Continental drift helps solve the problem. Why no marsupials in Africa, India??How to get from one place to another.1. Land bridge – everyone crosses2. Filter bridge – everyone crosses who has access to bridge (climatic, ecological3. Sweepstakes routes –only a weird sample of things cross (things that have to cross a barrier – water – mountain, etc.Only 10% cross the Panama land bridge – why??After crossing, the North American mammals are much more successful than the South American mammals. Why?Original South American mammaalian fauna – arose early and isolated for a long time.In a contest between two faunas, that have developed on separate continents, Who wins?-The one that has evolved the furthest (competed more)-The one from the larger land mass-The one that has faced the most competition, predators, changes, etc.Who came north? Opossum, armadillo, ground sloth.Who went south?Deer, dog, cat, elephant, camel (llama),Bear, otter, tapir, horseNOTE: opossum a good example of unpredictability. Why should such an odd animal be able to invade a continent with cats, dogs, weasels, etc, and survive??Origins of South American MammalsEocene: marsupial carnivores, insectivores ancient herbivores = Edentates, astrapotheres, etc.- came from GondwanalandOligocene: a rodent and a monkey show up; rafting from AfricaMiocene - bears, cats, wolves, camels, deer, new rodents, rabbits, horses, weasels, raccoon family new carnivores outcompete marsupial carnivores. new herbivores outcompete ancient herbivores.The Bering land bridge.Bering Strait land bridge – a climatic filter.Going to America Going to Eurasia mammoth, sheep, goat, deer, horse, camel, dogs bear, bison, catsNever crossMonkeys, sloths,; why?Gazelles, antelope, why?“sweepstakes” method – cross a barrierHow to recognize sweepstakes: only a few make it, those at shore, small,Perhaps arboreal.The Channel Islands of California; our Galapagos.Plus two species of mice.Island fox, pygmy mammothIsland terrestrial mammal fauna.Given a very few organisms, an odd assortment, how did they get there??Sweepstakes; - swam across a barrier, or raftedWhat if the islands were once connected to the mainland – and since then haveBecome disconnected and gotten smaller. What would be the result?Can you tell the difference between the two??? On what information??1, Body sizeWhy get smaller on islands? ( fox, elephantWhy get bigger on islands (mouse)Ecological release = no larger competition.Why be large in the first place??Islands as laboratories of evolutionWhat is the best color for a rabbit??Why??What if no predators??Then what is the best color??Why do rattlesnakes have rattles?? How would you prove this?Why do birds fly?? Are there places where flying is detrimental and/orUnneccessary ?Top skeleton, snow goose.Bottom skeletonFlightless goose from Channel Islands.California desert Coreopsis- annual plantChannel Islands Coreopsis – perennial


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