ID# Exam 1 PS 306, Spring 2004Read each question carefully and provide a clear and complete response, showing your work where appropriate. Asalways, the Skidmore Honor Code is in effect and you’ll be asked to write out the honor code statement at the end ofthe exam. The point value for each question is intended as a cue to the amount of time that I think you should needto complete your answer to that question (1 pt = 1 minute). Good luck on the exam!1. The repeated measure design has advantages over the independent groups design. First, articulate thoseadvantages. (Examples would help.) In spite of those advantages, there are circumstances under which anindependent groups design makes more sense. What are those circumstances? Finally, carryover effects and ordereffects are problematic for repeated measures designs, but not for independent groups designs. Articulate why that’sthe case and then discuss the antidote to carryover and order effects. [15 pts]2. Jackson and Latané (1981) demonstrated that people are less nervous/tense when they are asked to perform withother people. Moreover, the tension decreased with increasing numbers of fellow performers. People were randomlyassigned to perform alone, with one other person, or with 4, 7, or 10 other people and their subjective sense oftension was measured. Look at the analysis below and interpret the results as completely as you can. If a personperformed with 4 other people, what would be your best estimate of the level of subjective tension that person wouldexperience? If a person performed with 15 other people, what would be your best estimate of the level of subjectivetension that person would experience? Given this design, would you be willing to say that changes in the number ofother performers present caused changes in the level of tension experienced? [10 pts]500.865.748.74211.508CountNum. MissingRR SquaredAdjusted R SquaredRMS ResidualRegression SummaryTension vs. Number of Performers1 18835.919 18835.919 142.217 <.000148 6357.361 132.44549 25193.280DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F-Value P-ValueRegressionResidualTotalANOVA TableTension vs. Number of Performers52.261 2.867 52.261 18.231 <.0001-5.863 .492 -.865 -11.925 <.0001Coefficient Std. Error Std. Coeff. t-Value P-ValueInterceptNumber of PerformersRegression CoefficientsTension vs. Number of Performers-1001020304050607080Tension0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11Number of PerformersY = 52.261 - 5.863 * X; R^2 = .748Regression Plot3. As you know from the Mook article (or from other courses), Stanley Milgram’s study of obedience to authority isnot externally valid. The lack of external validity may or may not be a problem for the Milgram study. First,describe the ways in which Milgram’s study lacks external validity, then discuss which problems strengthen theinterpretation of Milgram’s results and which problems weaken the interpretation of Milgram’s results. Next, tell mewhich interpretation of Milgram’s results makes the most sense to you, and why. Finally, take one more study fromthe Mook article and illustrate why it lacks external validity and yet might still make an important contribution tothe discipline. [10 pts]4. Professor Phyllis Tyne was interested in doing some research on visual search. She decides to have herparticipants search for a target geometric shape (e.g., square or circle) of a particular size presented among distractorgeometric figures that are (1) equal in area to the target and similar in shape, (2) equal in area but dissimilar inshape, (3) unequal in area to the target but similar in shape, (4) unequal in area to the target and dissimilar in shape,and finally (5) no distractor stimuli at all (target only). The stimuli are to be presented on a computer display, withthe participant pointing to the target on the screen (which the computer immediately detects and records the time inseconds to locate the target). The location of the target and distractors on the screen is determined randomly.a. What would you conclude is the purpose of the final (control) condition -- Target only? [2 pts]b. As Dr. Tyne’s consultant, you are asked to describe for her how this experiment would be conducted as anindependent groups design and as a repeated measures design. Briefly describe how the experiment would beconducted under both types of designs, being sure to indicate specifics of design differences between them. PresentDr. Tyne (and me) with the advantages and disadvantages of both designs for her specific research, and then make arecommendation as to which design you would use. [13 pts]c. Suppose that the study was conducted as an independent groups design and the results were as seen below.Complete the source table and interpret the results as completely as you can. [10 pts]10 1.710 .412 .13010 1.400 .170 .05410 .900 .200 .06310 .200 .105 .03310 .225 .089 .028Count Mean Std. Dev. Std. Err.Area=,Shape=Area=,Shape≠Area≠,Shape=Area≠,Shape≠Target OnlyMeans Table for TimeEffect: Conditiond. Suppose that the study had been conducted as a repeated measures design. (Note that the data are from differentparticipants than those in the independent groups experiment!) Complete the source table below and interpret theresults of the study as completely as you can. [10 pts]10 1.710 .166 .05310 1.595 .130 .04110 .810 .179 .05710 .250 .118 .03710 .180 .125 .040Count Mean Std. Dev. Std. Err.Area=,Shape=Area=,Shape≠Area≠,Shape=Area≠,Shape≠Target OnlyMeans Table for Distractor TypesEffect: Category for Distractor