THE TRUNK and SPINAL COLUMNBones of the Spinal ColumnLandmarks of the VertebraeGeneral LandmarksSlide 5Slide 6Cervical VertebraeSlide 8Atlas (C1)Axial (C2)Thoracic (T1-T12)Slide 12Lumbar (L1-L5)Slide 14PowerPoint PresentationSlide 16SacrumIntervertebral DisksSlide 19Actions of the Spinal ColumnFlexionExtensionLateral flexionRotationJoints of the Spinal ColumnAtlantooccipital jointAtlantoaxialArthordial or gliding-type jointsCartilaginous or synarthrodial jointsDefects of the SpineSlide 31Kyphosis - hunchbackSlide 33Lordosis - swaybackSlide 35ScolioisSlide 37Slide 38SternumRibsSlide 41THE TRUNK and SPINAL COLUMNChapter 12Bones of the Spinal Column33 bones, 24 are flexibleA. Cervical - 7B. Thoracic - 12C. Lumbar - 5D. Sacrum - 5 (false vertebrae - fused together)E. Coccyx - 4 (false vertebrae - fused together)LINKClick on pictureLandmarks of the VertebraeGeneral Landmarks1. Spinous process3. Transverse process - tubercle of rib articulates5. Body6. Vertebral foramenGeneral LandmarksVertebral notchSuperiorInferiorGeneral LandmarksIntervertebral foramenCervical VertebraeCervical VertebraeFirst 7 vertebraeIdentified as C1 – C7C1 = AtlasC2 = AxisAtlas (C1) •Large vertebral foramen•Transverse ligamentAnteriorPosteriorAxial (C2)Odontoid process or DensThoracic (T1-T12)Thoracic (T1-T12)Lumbar (L1-L5)Lumbar (L1-L5)Note the differences:1. Transverse process2. Spinous process3. BodyNote the differences:1. Transverse process2. Spinous process3. BodySacrumIntervertebral DisksIntervertebral DisksActions of the Spinal ColumnFlexionExtensionLateral FlexionRotationSame sideOpposite sideFlexion1. Free in all three regions2. Cervical and thoracic curves may be reduced to straight lines3. Lumbar curve may be reversed in flexible subjectsCervical flexionLumbar flexionExtension1. Free in all three regions2. Cervical and thorasic curves may be reduced to straight lines3. Lumbar curve may be reversed in flexible subjectsCervical extensionLumbar extensionLateral flexion 1. Free in cervical and lumbar regions2. Limited in thorasic region by rib attachments3. Accompanied by torsionCervical lateral flexionLumbar lateral flexionRotation1. Freest at top, least free at bottom2. Accompanied by slight lateral flexionCervical rotationLumbar rotationJoints of the Spinal ColumnAtlantooccipital jointArticulation between the head and necki. Atlas (C1)ii. Occipital boneActs as a hinge joint; flexion and extensionNo rotation at this jointAtlantoaxialArticulation between C1 and C2a. pivot joint - rotation is hereb. the dens or ondontoid process fits into the inner, anterior portion of the vertebral foramen with the help of the transverse ligament.Arthordial or gliding-type jointsComposed of the synovial joint between superior and inferior articulating surfacesCartilaginous or synarthrodial jointsIntervertebral disksi. nucleus pulposus - gelii. annulus fibrosus - coveringShape and thickness varies with locationMake up approximately 25% of the column lengthAllow limited motion in all three planesDefects of the SpineKyphosis - hunchbackIncrease anterior concavity ( or curvature) of the thoracic curveLordosis - swaybackIncrease posterior concavity of the lumbar region.it causes shortened back extensorsit causes lengthened abdominalScolioisLateral curvatures or sideward deviations of the spine.Decreases the ability of the spin to support the bodyDistorts the body cavity and that crowds the organsPuts pressure on the nervesCauses:Imbalance of the deep back muscles and ligamentsScolioisTreatment Body castElectrical stimulation of deep musclesHarrington Rod implant - ratchett effectSternumRibs12 pairs7 pair are ‘true’ ribs5 pair are ‘false’ ribs 3 pair attach indirectly to the sternum 2 pair are ‘floating ribs’ that don’t attach to the
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