1Pamela OliverSociology 220Hispanics / Latinos in the 20thCentury Review immigration trends slidesHispanic population is younger.Hispanic – Latino Population1990 2000 2010Hispanic-Latino as % of Total US 9% 13% 16%Ethnicity as % of Hispanic-LatinoMexican 60 59 63Puerto Rican 12 10 9Cuban 5 3 3Dominican Republic 2 2 3Central America 5 8South America 4 5Other 18 72Percent Distribution of Hispanicsby Type: 2006Source: Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement 2006Puerto Rican8.6%Cuban3.7%Central American8.2%South American6.0%Other Hispanic8.0%Mexican65.5%“Race” (self-reported) of Hispanics-Latinos1990 2000 2010White 51.7 47.9 53.0Black 3.4 2.0 2.5Amer. Indian 0.7 1.2 1.4Asian or Pac Isl 1.4 0.5 0.5Other 42.7 42.2 36.7Two or More - 6.3 6.00102030405060708090White Black AmInd As/PI Other 2+Race of Hispanic Groups, by Ethnicity, 2010 CensusMexican Central Amer South AmerCuban Dominican Puerto RicanLocations in US Chicanos, Mexican Americans mostly live in the southwest (California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado) but also elsewhere, Chicago etc. Cubans mostly in Florida Puerto Ricans mostly in New York, New Jersey. But all are fanning out. Immigration from other Latin American counties is growing.3Percent Latino/Hispanic US Counties 2000Names (part 1) In the US, Latino or Hispanic refers to a person in the US who is of Latin American origin. Nuances in meanings of words, but referring to same groups. Brazilians are in this group, although they do not speak Spanish. (Spaniards are Hispanic, but not understood to be part of the group called Hispanic or Latino in the US.) In Latin America, Latino often refers to a person who is culturally Hispanic rather than culturally IndigenousNames (part 2) Mexican = a Mexican citizen (in Mexico or US); as identity, a person from Mexico Mexican American = a US citizen of Mexican descent; as identity, a US ethnic group Chicano = a self-identify of SOME Mexican Americans (not all). Origins as radical, racialized identity (indigenous American) Now many Mexican Americans use it because they don’t identify with Mexico Mexicans from Mexico NEVER identify as Chicano4Class Origins and Well-Being A major predictor of an immigrant group’s “success” in US is CLASS CLASS = education, business/professional skills, financial resources. Pre-WWII, White Catholics less successful than Protestants. Used to be a lot of talk about how “Catholic culture” held people back Took 3 generations for immigrant class differences to dissipate, but they are gone now. Today White Catholics & Protestants are educationally & economically comparableClass, Immigrant Status, Well-Being Economic & educational “Success” of immigrants & their children depends largely (not exclusively) on what they bring with them: education, business & professional skills, money, English Economic & political factors in “sending” country + immigration factors affect class mix of immigrants to USPolitics & Immigrant Flow Class of refugees motivated by political violence depends on the regime they are leaving: Are lower class or upper class people being threatened? Refugees from rightist regimes tend to be poor & uneducated + political leftists Refugees from leftist regimes tend to be from business & professional classes US politics influences how refugees from different regimes are treatedRace in the Americas Substantial indigenous population remains in Mexico, Central America, Andes, interior of Amazon, Alaska & Canada, southwestern US Substantial African population in northeastern Brazil, southeastern US & US urban areas, Caribbean islands and as part of the mixture throughout Latin America; history of slavery Substantial post-colonial European migrations to US, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, & northeast South America Significant Asian migration to many South American countries as well as US, Canada, Mexico; but still a minority in all but a few cities5Skin Color and Class in the Americas Colonialism, conquest by Europeans (white skin) left their descendents in higher class position (economic, political) throughout the Americas The indigenous people (the native Americans) were conquered and subordinated. Their descendents are mostly still poor, subjugated The African people were mostly slaves, their descendents are still poorer than the former mastersConsequences of Colonialism & Politics Latin American migrants who are poorer & less educated are more likely to be of indigenous or African descent Refugees from leftist regimes are more likely to be light-skinned, of European descent, well-off & educated, and receive favorable treatment in US immigration policies (Cuba, Nicaragua) Refugees from rightist regimes are more likely to be poor, indigenous or Black, and treated unfavorably in US immigration policies (Haiti, Guatemala, El Salvador)Cuba and Puerto RicoCaribbean IslandsCentral AmericaCaribbean6Cuba Historical After 1492 Spanish, Columbus, largely exterminated the 50,000 Indians. Sugar plantations: population is mixed European and African descent. Spanish-American War 1898, independent but US dominated US troops leave 1902 but retain control of Guantanamo Bay as naval base in 1903 treaty, dominate economy 1959 Cuban revolution, Castro overthrows Batista (harsh dictator); originally supported by US, but then opposed when in 1960 Castro declares the country communist. US embargo still in effectGuantanamo BayCubans in US Upper & middle class Cubans flee Castro. 1 million immigrate between 1960 and 1980. (Current Cuban population is about 10 million.) Early refugees are educated, White; create "little Havana" in Florida, militantly anti-communist, 2/3 vote Republican. Despite initial hardships, most are doing well economically in US. Later refugees are less educated, darker, having more problems, but obscured by statistics. Cuban connections help.Puerto Rico Spanish colony, plantations, mixed European & African. (Indians mostly killed, but today many Puerto Ricans have some Indian ancestry) Becomes US colony 1898, Spanish-American War. English required in schools. US under-develops, as a colony 1917 Jones Act, Puerto Ricans are citizens of US. 1948 PR made a Commonwealth, Associated Free State. Part of US, but not a state, less subordinate than a colony. Ultimately
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