1Geology 200, Questions for Test 1, 2009 Minerals - Chapter 3 and lecture notes Define the difference between atoms, ions, and isotopes. Give a brief definition of a mineral. What other element might substitute for Ca in plagioclase feldspar? Why? How do geologists identify minerals too small to be seen in a hand specimen? Why do some minerals have cleavage? What is the difference between a mineral and a rock? Which type of bond is the strongest? A. ionic B. covalent C. metallic D. ironic Bonding of two atoms may be accomplished by: A. sharing electrons between atoms B. transferring electrons between atoms C. electrical attraction between each nucleus D. both A and B E. A, B, and C Which of the following is not a mineral in the strict definition of the term. A. salt B. diamond C. ice D. graphite E. coal In the study of minerals, X-ray diffraction measures: A. chemical composition B. hardness C. specific gravity D. cleavage E. internal structure The range of chemical composition in a mineral typically results from: A. time and place of origin B. ionic substitution C. changes in physical properties D. inclusions of other mineral grains E. change in atomic structure Which of the following is not a physical property of a mineral? A. color B. crystal form C. chemical composition D. hardness E. specific gravity2Which of the following is a nonsilicate mineral? A. quartz B. dolomite C. biotite D. clay Which of the following is a mafic mineral? A. pyroxene B. plagioclase C. K-feldspar D. Calcite Which of the following is a sialic mineral? A. olivine B. gypsum C. biotite D. muscovite Which method is used to study the internal structure of a mineral? A. atomic absorption spectrum B. X-ray diffraction C. Mass spectrometry D. Alchemy What is the most abundant element in the earth's crust? A. O, oxygen B. Si, silicon C. Al, aluminum D. Fe, iron Weak atomic bonding in one direction in a mineral will result in: A. striation B. softness C. cleavage D. fracture E. crystal faces The property of a mineral that is characterized by breaks along parallel plains of weaknes in one or more directions is called A. crystal habit B. hardness C. fracture D. luster E. cleavage The most abundant mineral group in the earth’s crust is: A. feldspars B. micas C. olivines D. pyroxenes E. quartz Most rock forming minerals are: A. sulfides B. silicates C. oxides D. carbonates The most abundant element in the earth’s crust is: A. iron B. calcium C. aluminum D. silicon E. oxygen3Which of the following is an amphibole mineral? A. hornblende B. biotite C. olivine D. pyroxene Which of the following is not a silicate mineral? A. muscovite B. K-feldspar C. Garnet D. Gypsum E. Amphibole In silicates, silicon-oxygen tetrahedra may be linked to form all of the following EXCEPT: A. single chains B. sheets C. double chains D. rings E. spheres Which of the following is not a sialic mineral? A. feldspar B. muscovite C. quartz D. olivine If a mineral lacks a crystal structure it is ____________________________. The smallest particle of an element is an _____________________. What is #1 on Moh’s Hardness Scale? What is #10? Matching: write the correct letter next to each term Isotope ____ a. appearance of reflected light Ion ____ b. number of neutrons can vary Covalent bond ____ c. breaks along zone of weakness Ionic substituion ____ d. solid solution Luster ____ e. electrically charged Cleavage ____ f. shared electrons Which crystal system has 90 degrees between the axes, and all axes are the same length? A. isometric B. orthorhombic C. hexagonal D. triclinic Which crystal system has no right angles between the axes? A. isometric B. orthorhombic C. hexagonal D. triclinic Which crystal system has four axes. A. isometric B. orthorhombic C. hexagonal D. triclinic Give an example for each category of the chemical classification of minerals: A. native element _____________________4B. oxide ______________________ C. carbonate ______________________ D. silicate ______________________ Density of rocks is an important physical characteristic. Density is measured by comparison to water. What is the density of water? Find the value of x in each of the following equations. Check the attached Periodic Table if you need to. CaCOX _______ (Mg, Fe)XSiO4 _______ CaAl2SiXO8 _______ Label each type of silicon-oxygen tetrahedral groups shown below:5Give the environment(s) [major rock type(s)] for each of the following minerals: Olivine ____________________________ Amphibole ____________________________ K-feldspar ____________________________ Calcite ____________________________ Biotite ____________________________ Illite ____________________________ Identify the Crystal System for each of the 4 mineral photos below. ______________________________________ _________________________________________6 __________________________________ ___________________________________ What kind of fracture is shown below? ____________________________7 Identify the types of cleavage shown in: A. ____________________________ B. _____________________________ Name this blue mineral with a bladed habit: _____________________8Name this light colored mineral with characteristic twinning striations: ___________________________ What kind of mineral is shown below:______________________________9Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks – Chapters 4 & 6 and lecture notes Molten rock material, which is the parent substance of all igneous rock, is called: A. basalt B. mantle C. lava D. magma E. granite Which list shows magma in order of increasing viscosity? A. rhyolite, andesite, basalt B. andesite, basalt, rhyolite C. basalt, rhyolite, andesite D. basalt, andesite, rhyolite Two stages of cooling are indicated by: A. aphanitic texture B. phaneritic texture C. glassy texture D. porphyritic texture E. pyroclastic texture A rock with an aphanitic texture would indicate: A. magma generated at diverging plate margins B. slow cooling of the magma C. rapid cooling of the magma D. two periods of cooling An igneous rock consisting of broken fragments of crystals, shards of glass, and rock fragments has a: A. pyroclastic texture B. phaneritic texture C. glassy texture D. porphyritic texture The two dominant minerals that make up granitic rocks are: A. feldspar and mica B.