CarnahanGoldsworthyCallahanBergMondtKerncAberlePayneTaylorMartinZokalKielyHostetlerWallaceGrissomGrecoHISTORIA A PUBLICATION OF THE EPSILON MU CHAPTER OF PHI ALPHA THETA AND THE EASTERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY HISTORY DEPARTMENT VOLUME 20 (2011) EDITOR IN CHIEF: Tara Carnahan EDITORS: Jeana Callahan Melissa Greco Christopher Kernc Laura Mondt EDITORIAL BOARD: Aaron Denman Steven Fuller David Mejia Katherine Payne Lace Walton FACULTY ADVISOR: Dr. Michael ShirleyLETTER FROM THE EDITORS The editors of the 2011 issue of Historia are proud and excited to present this historical journal composed of papers written by our fellow students. As in the past, this year’s articles cover a wide array of topics and a variety of historical periods. There were a record number of submissions this year, and we are confident that, through a diligent, anonymous, and democratic selection process, we have chosen the articles that best showcase the topical range and intellectual depth of our students, both within and without the History Department. We thank the many students who submitted papers, whether they were chosen for publication or not, and encourage everyone to submit papers again next year. It was our decision that the Chicago style of indenting the first line of each footnote would be abandoned in favor of justifying them to the left margin, which we think improves both readability and appearance. We would like to thank our faculty advisor, Dr. Michael Shirley, for his continuing patience and guidance throughout the entire publishing process. We would not have succeeded without Dr. Shirley’s support and timely humor, which was priceless. We also would like to thank Dr. Anita Shelton and Ms. Donna Nichols, as well as the entire history faculty, for their support and assistance. Finally, we would like to thank the alumni for their continued support of Historia; we are grateful to have them as our readers. We thank you all, and hope you enjoy this edition of Historia. The EditorsTABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME 20 The Quakers and Conscientious Objection Tara J. Carnahan 1 The Rise of Capitalism in the Antebellum Northeast: a Historiographical Review John Goldsworthy 20 “Warrior Queens”: Gender and Female Soldiering During the Civil War Jeana Callahan 30 The Farmers’ Tower: The Development of the Tower Silo Loran Berg 38 “An Act to Prevent Procreation of Confirmed Criminals:” The Origins of Sterilization in Indiana Laura Mondt 56 Black Diamonds: The Rise and Fall of the Northern Illinois Coal Industry Christopher Kernc 71 Keeping Time: Institutionalizing Jazz in 1930s American Schools Tim Aberle 84 Growth of Mail-Order Marketing in Illinois Katherine Payne 97 Diversity among Hawaii’s Children during World War II Jarrod Taylor 100 The Architecture and Development of the Mary J. Booth Library Stephanie Lee Martin 109 Not Without Hope: The Our Lady of the Angels Fire and School Safety Reform in Late 1950s America Geoffrey A. Zokal 129 Pentagon Papers: National Security and Prior Restraint Tom Kiely 138The History of Satan Jeremy Hostetler 154 Out With the Old and In With the New: Competing Imperial Models and the Political Engineering Behind Creation of Iraq Robert Wallace 167 Mediacide: the Press’s Role in the Abdication Crisis of Edward VIII Joel Grissom 178 Review: Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment by James H. Jones Melissa Greco 188___________________________________________________________ The Quakers and Conscientious Objection Tara J. Carnahan ___________________________________________________________ Introduction The legacy of the Religious Society of Friends, more commonly known as the Quakers, is varied, including William Penn’s settlement of Pennsylvania, their efforts to abolish slavery, and an oatmeal trademark. However, their importance and influence on the legal and legislative standing of conscientious objecting is less well known. It is the purpose of this paper to provide the historical and religious background of conscientious objection (CO), and to discuss the congressional legislation and the Supreme Court decisions that have affected, altered and advanced the CO’s status. It is my intention to illustrate that the legal definition of a CO has evolved from a very specific, strict classification into a modern characterization that is complex and ambiguous. I will also demonstrate how the progression of the CO’s legal status has been linked to the development of the awareness that every human being has a right to the same level of respect and merit, and that each individual has the right to be sovereign with his/her own personal beliefs. I will reveal how the peace churches - specifically the Quakers - initiated, defined, sustained, protected, lobbied and advanced the concept of conscientious objecting in America. I will show how the Quaker “traditions have provided a favorable context: first, religious toleration and later, the protection of civil liberties,”1 and how, as a result, “the liberal state in the United States has recognized a continuing and even an expanding basis for conscientious objection through legislative, executive, or judicial response.”2 The Religious Society of Friends In order to comprehend the foundation and purpose of conscientiously objecting to military service, it is essential to understand Quaker theology. Because “it was the Quaker nonresistance and unconditional adherence to pacifism that opened up issues such as the moral legitimacy of militia fines and war taxes, the nature and function of alternative services, and the practical meaning of liberty of conscience – all of which have caused reflection on the fundamental 1 Charles C. Moskos and John Whiteclay Chambers II, ed. The New Conscientious Objection: From Sacred to Secular Resistance (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 46. 2Ibid., 46.2 The Quakers and Conscientious Objection relationship between conscience and society and influenced later generations of conscientious objectors.”3 The doctrine of the Society of Friends (Quakers) is that God created all beings in His image and that “the manifestation of the Spirit is given to every man that cometh into the world.” (1 Cor. 12. 7.).