Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdNConfiguration of Airport Passenger BuildingsDr. Richard de NeufvilleProfessor of Engineering Systems and Civil and Environmental EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyAirport Systems Planning & Design / RdNOutliney Introduction4 Motivation4 Important Ideasy Range of Configurationsy Process of Evaluation4 Criteria of Selection4 Method of Analysis4 Differences in Traffic Loads on Buildingsy Performance of Configurationsy Recommendation4 “Hybrid” design responsive to future trafficAirport Systems Planning & Design / RdNMotivation y No Agreement in Industry about good configuration4 NACO -- X-shaped satellites in parallel rows:Bangkok/2nd Airport; Kuala Lumpur /International4 “Atlanta” -- Midfield lines: Denver/International4 Aeroports de Paris -- Triangles onto spine roadsParis/ de Gaulley Many Errors -- Many Choices have been inadequate for eventual traffic4 Dallas/Ft Worth -- linear building bad for transfers4 Boston/Logan -- International => NY Air => domestic hubAirport Systems Planning & Design / RdNImportant Ideasy “Airport Passenger Building”4 NOT A TERMINAL, many passengers do not end their air trips there4 Many passengers “transfer” between• Airlines ; Buildings ; Aircraft of an Airliney “Correct Choice”4 NOT THE OPTIMUM, for assumed conditions4 RIGHT RESPONSE, over range of conditionsAirport Systems Planning & Design / RdNChange to View of Airport as “Passenger Buildings”Single (or Few) MultiplePrevalent in Current Practice"Terminals"Broad Range, Multiple Criteria Performance"Airport Passenger Buildings"NarrowBroadForecastCriteria ConsideredAirport Systems Planning & Design / RdNRange of Conditionsy “Pure” Concepts4 Linear or Gate Arrival4 Pier ; Satellite4 Midfield4 Transportery “Hybrid” Concepts4 Combinations of Pure Elementsy Centralized and Decentralizedy Rail Access4 Automated People Movers4 MetropolitanAirport Systems Planning & Design / RdNLinear: Dallas/Forth WorthSource: FAA Office of System CapacityAviation Capacity Enhancement PlanAirport Systems Planning & Design / RdNFinger Pier: Miami/InternationalSource: FAA Office of System CapacityAviation Capacity Enhancement PlanAirport Systems Planning & Design / RdNSatellites (New York/Newark)Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdNSatellites: Tampa Source: FAA Office of System CapacityAviation Capacity Enhancement PlanAirport Systems Planning & Design / RdNMidfield, Linear: Denver/IntlSource: FAA Office of System CapacityAviation Capacity Enhancement PlanAirport Systems Planning & Design / RdNMidfield: London/StanstedAirport Systems Planning & Design / RdNMidfield, X-shaped: PittsburghSource: FAA Office oSystem CapacityAviation Capacity Enhancement PlanAirport Systems Planning & Design / RdNTransporter: Washington/DullesSource: FAA Office of System Capacitywww.asc.faa.govConfiguration as it has beenAirport Systems Planning & Design / RdNMidfield: Washington/DullesConfiguration as plannedSource: FAA Office of System CapacityAviation Capacity Enhancement PlanAirport Systems Planning & Design / RdNHybrid: New York/LaGuardiaSource: FAA Office of System CapacityAviation Capacity Enhancement PlanAirport Systems Planning & Design / RdNHybrid: Chicago/O’HareSource: FAA Office of System CapacityAviation Capacity Enhancement PlanAirport Systems Planning & Design / RdNNote: new trends in layoutsy Low-cost buildings for low-cost airlines4 Outside US, where Government has built buildings this is novelty – In US airlines pay and define4 Jetblue facility in New York/Kennedy; Orlando/Sanford4 Paris/de Gaulle, Singapore, Marseille y Common Rental Car Facilities, often linked by people mover4 Increasing popular, eliminates circulating vans4 New York/Newark, San Francisco, Atlanta, etcAirport Systems Planning & Design / RdNProcess of Evaluationy Criteria of Selection4 Multiple Criteria4 Broad Forecastsy Methods of Analysis4 Rapid, Computerized y Differences in Traffic Loads on Buildings4 Percent Transfers4 Variability of Traffic4 Need for Servicesy Performance of BuildingsAirport Systems Planning & Design / RdNCriteria of Selectiony Multiple4 Walking Distances – effect on passengers• Average, Extremes• Terminating, Transfers4 Aircraft Delays – these can be decisive (for example: 250,000 ops x 4 min x $100/min = $100Million --- this justifies about $1 billion in construction !)4 Costs of construction y Under Range of Conditions4 High, Low Traffic4 High, Low Transfer RatesAirport Systems Planning & Design / RdNMethods of Analysisy Manuals (IATA, ICAO, etc.)• Limited Perspective• Unsuitable for Major Projectsy Analytic Formulas• Unrealisticy Detailed Simulations• Difficult to Set Up with appropriate data• Too Slow for Planning most initial planningy Need: General, Computer AnalysisAirport Systems Planning & Design / RdNProblem Statement (Graphically)SpeedFlexibilityReferenceManualsSimulationsAnalyticFormulaeGoalAirport Systems Planning & Design / RdNCurrent Decision Support Is InadequateReference Manuals/TextsAnalytic FormulaeComputer- BasedStep 1Selection Of Initial Configuration and GeometryLATA, ICAO, FAA, TRB, Parsons, Transport Canada, Ashford, Blow, Hart, Blankenship, Horonjeff and McKelveyBandara, Robuste, Vandebona, WirasingheNeedStep 2Detailed Layout of Floor PlanLATA, ICAO, FAA, TRB, Parsons, Transport Canada, Ashford, Blow, Hart, Blankenship, Horonjeff and McKelveyImpracticalDunlay, Pararas, BAA, FAA, Transport Canada, Private IndustryAirport Systems Planning & Design / RdNDifference in Loadsy “Total Number of Passengers” does not properly define loads on Buildingsy Effective Loads depend on Passenger Needsy Key Load Characteristics:4 Transfer Rates (%) -- passengers changing aircraft, buildings or airlines 4 Variability of Traffic -- Daily, Seasonal Patterns4 Need for Services -- International controls; Meals and accommodations 4 Industry Structure 4 Aircraft TypesAirport Systems Planning & Design / RdNTransfer Ratesy Transfer passengers require:4 Easy Internal Flow ; No Airport Accessy Hub-and-Spoke Airports 4 have very high transfer rates, more than 50% 4 common worldwide (fewer in US, more in Europe and Asia)y Examples:4 High Rates: Chicago/O’Hare, Minneapolis/St.Paul, Denver/Intl, Dallas/Fort Worth, Detroit/Metro, Salt Lake City...Hong Kong/CLK, Tokyo/Narita (Northwest), London/Heathrow, Amsterdam/Schiphol...4 Low Rates: Boston/Logan, San Francisco/Intl, Montreal/Trudeau,