Review For Exam 1Introduction to Information SystemsSummary QuestionsData versus InformationInformation SystemsAdministrative Information SystemsDSS structureDSS’ Model Management ToolsExpert Systems ComponentsHardware TechnologySlide 11Processing subsystemCentral Processing UnitPrimary StorageTerminologySlide 16SoftwareSlide 18Slide 19Main Types of SoftwareOperating Systems (OS)OS: MultiprogrammingOS: Virtual MemoryUtility SoftwareDatabase SystemsSlide 26Traditional File SystemsBasic Concepts of Data ManagementBasic Concepts in Data Management1Review ForExam 1BUS3500 - Abdou Illia, Fall 2009(September 10, 2009)2Introduction to Information Systems3Summary QuestionsNotes1) Distinguish between Data and Information32) List/Explain main components of an information system73) What is the difference between GDSS and DSS in terms of their target users?124) What is the difference between Decision Support Systems (DSS) and Executive Information Systems (EIS) in terms of their target users.126) What is a Chief Information Officer responsible for? 97) (a) What are the major components in a DSS? (b) What is the function of each?138) What is an Expert System? What are the main components of an Expert system? What is a knowledge engineer?17Refers to the slides # in original class notes4Data versus InformationData = raw facts that represent the characteristics of an eventExample 1:Event: High temperatureData: 100° FExample 2:Event: SaleData: Sale’s date, item number, item description, etc.Information = facts within a given contextInformation results from transforming data by adding context and meaning to make it more useful.The temperature today at noon in Times Square, NYC was 100° FI P O5Information SystemsA set of interrelated information technologies that work together to collect, store, process, and distribute informationMajor components of information systemsHardware (physical parts of a computer or other computing devices)Software (Instructions that tell hardware what to do)Databases (Software that enables storage/retrieval of data)Networks (Computing devices that communicate with each other)PeopleInformation technology (IT): Computer-based tool that people use to work with information and support the information and information-processing needs of an organizationInformationTechnologies6Administrative Information SystemsTransaction Processing Systems (TPS)Basic business system that serves the operational level (analysts) in an organizationOffice Automation Systems (OAS)Systems designed to help office workers in doing their job.Decision Support Systems (DSS)Systems designed to support middle managers and business professionals during the decision-making processExecutive Information Systems (EIS) or Executive Support Systems (ESS)Specialized DSS that help senior level executives make decisions.GDSS: computer-based systems that facilitate solving of unstructured problems by set of decision makers7DSS structureSystems designed to help middle managers make decisionsMajor componentsData management subsystemInternal and external data sourcesAnalysis subsystemTypically mathematical in natureUser interfaceHow the people interact with the DSSData visualization is the keyTextGraphsChartsUserInterfaceAnalysis- Sensitivity Analysis -> What-if Analysis -> Goal-seeking Analysis-Data-driven tools -> Data mining -> OLAP*Data Management- Transactional Data- Data warehouse- Business partners data- Economic data* OLAP: OnLine Analytical Processing8DSS’ Model Management ToolsSimulation is used to examine proposed solutions and their impactSensitivity analysisDetermine how changes in one part of the model influence other parts of the modelWhat-if analysisManipulate variables to see what would happen in given scenariosGoal-seeking analysisWork backward from desired outcomeDetermine monthly payment given various interest rates.Works backward from a given monthly payment to determine various loans that would give that payment.9Expert Systems ComponentsKnowledge base: database of the expertise, often in IF THEN rules. Inference engine: derives recommendations from knowledge base and problem-specific data User interface: controls the dialog between the user and the system Explanation system: Explain the how and why of recommendationsKnowledgebaseDomain ExpertKnowledge EngineerExpertiseExplanationSystemInferenceEngineUserInterfaceUserSystem EngineerEncoded expertiseIFfamily is albatross ANDcolor is whiteTHENbird is laysan albatross.IFfamily is albatross ANDcolor is darkTHENbird is black footed albatrossExample of rules- Knowledge engineer codify the human expert’s expertise into the systems’ knowledge base.- System engineer is the IT professional who develop the user interface, the inference engine, and the explanation system.10Hardware Technology11Summary QuestionsNotes1) Name five (3) computer input devices2) Name three (3) computer output devices3) What computer devices can be used for both input and output? What is the difference b/w impact printers and ink-jet printers?4) What is the difference between: (a) a Kilobyte and a Gigabyte? (b) a Megabyte and a Gigabyte?5) Name the two main types of monitors used in today’s computer systems.6) (a) Name main components of the Processing subsystem. (b) What is the function of the ALU?7) Explain the difference between RAM and ROM.8) Describe the various types of computers.9) Distinguish between primary and secondary storage12Processing subsystemMotherboard: chipset that all components connect toTwo major components in processing subsys.CPU (Central Processing Unit) or Processor(s)Primary Storage:Random Access Memory (RAM)Read Only Memory (ROM)Busses that transfer dataCPUPrimary Storage13Central Processing UnitClock: generate time that synchronize other componentsICU: Fetches instructions from RAMALU: Execute instructions (arithmetic & logic operations)Registers: Store control information, data, intermediate resultsProcessorClockInstruction Control UnitArithmetic Logic UnitRegisters14Primary StorageRAM holds running programs and the data they useROM contains critical programs such as those that boot the computerPrimary StorageRAMROMComputer’s memory stored on semiconductor chipsTwo categories: RAM (Random Access Memory) which is