Project PlanningPlanning ObjectivesSoftware ScopeScope DefinitionProduct FeasibilityResource EstimationEstimation OptionsDecomposition Techniques -1Decomposition Techniques - 2Empirical Estimation ModelsRegressionCorrelation and RegressionPowerPoint PresentationSlide 14Make Buy DecisionDecision ProcessDecision Tree1Project PlanningCIS 375Bruce R. MaximUM-Dearborn2Planning Objectives •To provide a framework that allows a software manager to make an estimate of resources, cost, and schedule.•Project outcomes should be bounded by 'best case' and 'worst case' scenarios. •Estimates should be updated as the project progresses.3Software Scope•data to be processed or produced•control parameters•function•performance•constraints•external interfaces•reliability4Scope Definition•Determine the customer's overall goals for the proposed system and any expected benefits.•Determine the customer's perceptions concerning the nature of a good solution to the problem.•Evaluate the effectiveness of the customer meeting.5Product Feasibility•Technical feasibility is not a good enough reason to build a product.•The product must meet the customer's needs and not be available as an off-the-shelf purchase.6Resource Estimation•Human Resources–number of people required and skills needed to complete the development project•Project Methods and Tools•Reusable Software Resources–off-the-shelf components–modifiable components–new components•Development Environment–hardware and software required during the development process7Estimation Options•Delay estimation until late in the project.•Base estimates on similar projects already completed.•Use simple decomposition techniques to estimate project cost and effort.•Use empirical models for software cost and effort estimation.•Automated tools may assist with project decomposition and estimation.8Decomposition Techniques -1•Software sizing–fuzzy logic–function point calculation–standard component–%change•Process-based estimation–decomposition based on tasks required to complete the software process framework9Decomposition Techniques - 2•Problem-based estimation–using lines of code (LOC) decomposition focuses on software functions–using function point (FP) decomposition focuses on information domain characteristics10Empirical Estimation Models•Experiential Models–Typically derived from regression analysis of historical software project data with estimated person-months as the dependent variable•Static Estimation Model–does not include time as an independent variable –Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO)•Dynamic Estimation Models–usually takes time or development phase into account–Software Equation Model11Regression12Correlation and Regression•Mean = (xi)/n•Variance x = (xi2)/n - (mean)2•Covariance xy = (xi yi)/n – (meanx)(meany)•Correlationr = xy / x y •Regression y = mx + bm = xy / (x)2b = meany – m * meanx13X Y X^2 X*Y Y^21 1 1 1 13 2 9 6 44 4 16 16 166 4 36 24 168 5 64 40 259 7 81 63 4911 8 121 88 6414 9 190 126 8156 40 524 364 256Totals1415Make Buy Decision•It may be more cost effective to acquire a piece of software rather than develop it.•Decision tree analysis provides a systematic way to sort through the make-buy decision.•As a rule outsourcing software development requires more skillful management than does in-house development of the same product.16Decision Process1. Develop specifications.2. Estimate internal cost & delivery.3. Select 3 or 4 candidate packages.4. Select reasonable components.5. Build a cost-benefit comparison matrix (key function performance) or use conduct benchmark tests of candidate software6. Evaluate each software package or component based on history with the product or vendor.7. Contact other users.17Decision