Resources “From the Brickhouse to the Swamp (Lumbee Vernacular English),” by Walt Wolfram. From American Voices: How Dialects Differ from Coast to Coast This article, written for non-linguists, explores the possible histories of the Lumbee Indians and how they came to speak a distinctive dialect of English. It also includes a Lumbee vocabulary Quiz. It can be found in Appendix HInformation on the research that NC State University faculty and students have done on the Lumbee Indians of North Carolina can be found here:http://ncsu.edu/linguistics/code/Research%20Sites/robeson.htm “Bridging the Great Divide (African American English),” by John Baugh. From American Voices: How Dialects Differ from Coast to Coast. This article, written for non-linguists, examines the history of African Americans in the U.S. beginning with the slave trade. It also examines the development of the dialect that many African Americans speak and the role it plays in society. Additionally, it includes a summary of African American English features with examples. It can bes found in Appendix I“When Linguistic Worlds Collide (African American English),” by Walt Wolfram and Ben Torbert. From American Voices: How Dialects Differ from Coast to Coast. This article, written for non-linguists, examines some of the competing hypotheses over the history and development of African American English. It is found in Appendix JAn easily accessible pamphlet on Ebonics, put out by the Linguistics Society of America, can be found in Appendix K“Dialect Dilemma,” by Kendra Hamilton describes the debate surrounding assigning value judgments to different dialects, and is included in Appendix LInformation on the research that NC State University faculty and students have done in different African American communities around North Carolina can be found here:Princeville (NC Piedmont): http://ncsu.edu/linguistics/code/Research%20Sites/princeville.htm Hyde County (Eastern NC):http://ncsu.edu/linguistics/code/Research%20Sites/hyde.htm Texana (Western NC): http://ncsu.edu/linguistics/code/Research%20Sites/texana.htm Beach Bottom (Western NC):http://ncsu.edu/linguistics/code/Research%20Sites/beechbottom.htmPurpose: Students will learn about the history of a different group of Native Americans in North Carolina, the Lumbee. Next, students will examine the history and features of African American English – one of the most misunderstood and stereotyped dialects of English. Students will also learn about the natural processes that cause languages and dialects to change over time. Overview: African American English is often negatively characterized as lazy or slang. In fact, it has a history that is as long as any variety of American English and like all dialects has a set of systematic rules that govern usage. In this sense, it is equivalent to all dialects of English, despite the fact that many people view it unfavorably. In this unit, students will learn about how African American English originated and how it has changed over time. Students will also examine the process of language change in African American English and in the urban centers of North Carolina. Key ideas:Different Native American groups have had vastly different experiences and interactions with Europeans, some of these differences can be illustrated through the language situations of the groupsAfrican American English is not substandard EnglishAfrican American English, like all dialects, is rule-governed and systematicAfrican American English has been shaped by historical and social factors, as are all dialectsAll language varieties are constantly in a state of change1.2.3.4.5.Day 4: Lumbee English, African American English, and Language Change30Worksheet 13: Dialects of North Carolina: Lumbee English Notes:1. The Lumbee are the largest Native American group east of the Mississippi River, with about members. 2. There are some people who believe that the Lumbee first encountered English at the site of the , where they may have lived prior to moving inland to what is now Robeson County, NC. 3. Do the Lumbee have a tribal language? Why or why not? Video Exercise 8: Lumbee EnglishYou will see a video about the Lumbee Indians who live in Southeastern North Carolina. As you watch this clip, think about responses to the following questions. 1. What vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar similarities are there between the Outer Banks Brogue, Appalachian English, and Lumbee English? 2. What vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar differences are there between the Outer Banks Brogue, Appalachian English, and Lumbee English? 3. In what ways is the Lumbee community similar to or different from the Ocracoke and/or Appalachian communities? 4. How is the Lumbee Community similar to or different from the Cherokee Community?5. Why have the Cherokee been able to preserve their native language whereas the Lumbee have lost their native language?6. How does the role of language differ between the Lumbee and the Cherokee communities?Dialects of North Carolina: Lumbee English Worksheet 13: Notes on Lumbee History, Culture, and LanguageA note-taking outline on the information below, plus comprehension questions for students can be found on page 30 of the Student Workbook. Introduction and HistoryAnother dialect that has some similarities to the Outer Banks is the dialect spoken by members of the Lumbee Native American group. (1) The Lumbee are the largest Native American group east of the Mississippi River, with about 55,000 members on the tribal rolls. While we are not sure how the Lumbee Nation/Tribe developed originally, one theory is that they were the (2) Native Americans encountered by the very first British Settlers in America at the Lost Colony, on Roanoke Island, in 1584. It is possible that the Lumbee tribe lived on the Outer Banks and along the North Carolina coast until they moved further inland to what is now Robeson County, NC. As more and more European settlers came to the North Carolina coast, it is possible that the (3) Lumbee abandoned their native language and learned the dialects of English spoken by these settlers, which continue to be spoken in areas like Ocracoke due to its history of isolation. The Lumbee may have taken these