BIOTECHNOLOGY I Human Genome Project sequencing of all 3 billion base pairs 25 000 genes making 100 000 proteins 97 of human DNA is non coding includes promoter and enhancer sequences includes introns includes repetitive DNA Knowing the sequence of DNA is useful to elucidation of evolutionary relationships Biotechnology Use of living organisms to create products or to facilitate processes Manipulation and movement of DNA between species Genetic code is universal genetic code shared by bacteria humans Concept One chopping up DNA Restriction enzyme A type of enzyme that recognizes a specific series of DNA bases and cuts the DNA strand at that site Recognition sequences are recognized by the restriction enzymes and where the DNA is cut leaves sticky ends hanging part of the cut DNA Then insert foreign gene Recombinant DNA DNA carrying genes derived from two or more sources two or more segments of DNA that have been combined into a sequence that does not exist in nature Concept Two Plasmids Plasmid small ring of DNA outside bacterial chromosome replicates independent of chromosome can become incorporated into bacterial chromosome STEPS insulin example Gene for human insulin is cut out using restriction enzyme Same enzyme cuts plasmid leaving complimentary ends Fragments fit together recombinant DNA Bacteria takes up DNA Transformation cell incorporation of DNA from outside its boundary Plasmids replicate desired protein is produced Because the human genetic code is universal this is possible A single gene has now been cloned Clone noun an exact copy verb to make an exact copy Genetic Fingerprinting Short Tandem Repeats STR Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR Sort of like DNA replication Reference back to previous notes on PCR PCR cocktail contains Extracted DNA Free nucleotides DNA polymerase Primer a short sequence of DNA Amplify using PCR primer attaches nucleotides are attached using DNA polymerase Gel electrophoresis Small fragments of DNA travel farthest in the gel Genetic fingerprinting II using junk DNA Variable number tandem repeats VNTR s are short repeated stretches of DNA e g GTCCTGTCCTGT A given VNTR DNA pattern may occur in say one out of every 25 people There are many different VNTR DNA s in a person s genome Choose 5 or 6 such patterns The likelihood of all patterns matching between two people is highly unlikely i e is one in 256 Cloning a whole animal remove nucleus from egg cell replace with DNA from a somatic cell is diploid electric current fuses cells DNA has come from one parent only cell develops into embryo implanted into surrogate mother ALL DNA has come from one parent Therapeutic cloning and the use of stem cells remove embryonic stem cells from embryo and grow in culture insert a nucleus from cell of patient induce stem cells to form specialized cells for therapeutic use Gene Therapy insertion of a normal gene into a target tissue use of somatic cells bone marrow multiply throughout a person s life produce blood immune cells 1 clone normal gene 2 insert gene into virus 3 bone marrow removed and infected with virus 4 injected back into patient Still in developmental stages Gene control right amt of protein at right time in right part of body Genetically Modified Organisms GMOs OR Transgenic Organisms transplanting a gene from one organism to another By 2011 94 of soybeans are GMO 65 of corn is GMO 75 of cotton is GMO How it is done ANIMALS 1 egg removed and fertilized in vitro 2 desired gene inserted directly into fertilized egg nucleus 3 SOME cells integrate the gene 4 embryo surgically implanted into surrogate mother 5 animal has a gene from a third organism Concerns 1 Contamination of neighboring fields with transgenic pollen Monsanto vs Percy Schmeiser Round up ready canola genes found in his field Monsanto wanted to charge 15 acre technology fee Percy lost to Monsanto in the Canadian Supreme Court 2 Ancient traditional Mexican Corn 3 Transgenic rice 4 Pesticide resistant plants less pesticide is used BUT kills beneficial insects as well ALSO use of herbicide resistant plants leads to use of MORE HERBICIDE Evolution in action pesticide resistance 5 Cross pollination 6 Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone rBGH banned everywhere on Earth except USA SO How did rBGH get approved in this country Banned everywhere but is legal safe and un labelled here in the US Monsanto was asked to submit a report on safety of rBGH to FDA Report was prepared by Margaret Miller at Monsanto She then left Monsanto and joined the FDA Her first assignment to approve the report that she herself had written
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