Macromolecules Macromolecules are those that are constructed on a monomer polymer concept Monomer a single molecular building block Polymer three or more monomer units bonded together Proteins Are the most diverse of the biomolecules Are involved in Enzymes o Amylase hydrolyses starch o Cellulase hydrolyses cellulose o Glycogen phosphorylase hydrolyses glycogen o Lipase hydrolyses glycerides o DNA polymerase attaches nucleotides to DNA Structure o Collagen connective tissue protein o Keratin protein of hair nails feathers o Fibrin protein involved in blood clotting o Silk protective casing Transport o Hemoglobin and myoglobin oxygen transport proteins o Plasma lipoproteins transport cholesterol in the blood o Sodium pumps transport substances across membranes o Cytochromes transport electrons in membranes Hormones Contractile tissue Storage o Ovalbumin egg whites o Gluten wheat Nutrition Amino acids are the building blocks of protein Different amino acids have different side groups some are hydrophobic some hydrophilic There are 20 different amino acids that make up proteins Protein character is determined by the order and number of amino acids in a protein Hydrophobic Non polar wont react with water Peptide bond how amino acids are bonded together covalent bond sharing of electrons Technically a string of amino acids is called a polypeptide This is not necessarily synonymous with protein since some proteins are constructed of more than one polypeptide Four levels of protein structure Primary structure sequence of amino acids determines final protein shape this sequence will determine how the protein will fold up Secondary structure larger scale twists and turns helix H bond hydrogen bond WOOL is an example of this pleated sheet H bond occur between adjacent peptide chains SILK random coil Tertiary structure larger twists turns the way the protein folds into a biologically active form also refered to as globular structure Quaternary structure refers to a protein that has more than one protein polypeptide chain ex Hemoglobin Nucleic Acids nucleotide is the monomer unit a polymer of nucleotides is a nucleic acid double stranded DNA is held together by hydrogen bonds Differences between DNA and RNA ribose vs deoxyribose single stranded vs double stranded uracil vs thymine Gene a particular sequence of nucleotides in DNA that contains the instructions for a making specific individual protein Lipids an organic compound consisting mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds Are insoluble in water but soluble in non polar solvents not constructed on a building block basis lipids are a general class that includes fats oils cholesterol hormones lipids are soluble in non polar solvents Roles for lipid energy storage insulation components of cell membranes Four categories fatty acids glycerides phospholipids steroids 1 Fatty Acids polar and non polar ends saturation solid at room temp vs unsaturation liquid at room temp trans fatty acids trans fats are as bad for your health as saturated fats Double bonds in fatty acid chains influence shape and function of the fatty acid importance to membranes double bonds puts a kink in the chain 2 Glycerides constructed of a fatty acids linked to a glycerol head group results in a molecule that is completely non polar glycerides are how animals store fat Triglycerides a glycerol component with three fatty acids attached 3 Phospholipids have two fatty acids and a phosphate groups attached to a glycerol backbone has a polar end phosphate and a non polar end are the main lipids in cell membranes 4 Sterols characterized by a link set of 4 carbon rings testosterone estrogen cholesterol
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