1. What are four evolutionary advances of eukaryotic cells?a. True nucleusb. Organelles (mitochondria, chloroplast)c. Complex cytoplasmd. Mitosis2. The ancestors of all eukaryotes was a prokaryote that lost its cell wall- what did it gain in return?a. Ingestionb. Mitochondriac. Nucleusd. Chloroplast3. How do scientists think eukaryotes gained a nucleus?a. Enfolding of the plasma membrane, causing endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus4. What very important process was made possible by the gain of a nucleus?a. Regulation of gene expressioni. Transcription and translation5. What organelle was gained by ingestion (phagocytosis) of a proteobacteria?a. Mitochondria6. What four steps must be completed for endosymbiosis to be complete?a. One bacteria ingests a proteobacteriab. Symbiosis formed (mutualism)c. Pass endosymbiotic to offspringd. Transfer genes7. Explain how primary endosymbiosis to gain a chloroplast was different from secondary endosymbiosis to gain a chloroplast? a. Primary is when one bacteria ingests a cyanobacteria and secondary is when a bacteria ingests another bacteria that has already ingested a cyanobacteria8. List the six lines of evidence for endosymbiosis.a. Size of organellesb. Have two membranesc. Have own DNA-circulard. Divided by binary fissione. Have own ribosomesf. DNA of mitochondria most closely related to proteobacteria9. How is a protist defined?a. Any eukaryote that is not an animal, plant or fungus10. Explain why the group is not monophyletic.a. It contains organisms that are not Protista11. What are the common, shared traits for this group?a. There aren’t any12. Several protist characteristics are not different from prokaryotes, what are two new characteristics that arose in this group?13. What is the relative species richness and abundance of this group?a. Low species richness, high abundance14. Know that protists are important photosynthesizers on the planet and that they are also decomposers and can cause disease15. In what groups did cell walls emerge in protist and what does this tell you about evolution of cellwalls?a. It is convergent evolutionb. Green algae, brown algae, and fungi16. How did chlorophyll b and c arise? Why do chlorarachniophytes and euglenids have chl b and brown algae have chl c?17. What are three ways of feeding that were profiles in lecture for protist?a. Photosynthesisb. Heterotrophic feedingi. Ingestion18. Looking at the protist phylogeny, what feeding mechanism should all of alveolata be? And what is seen in the group? In the case of the apicomplexa, what can we call this change?a. Should have done photosynthesis, but because of convergent evolution ingestion19. What methods of motility can be seen in the alveolata group? a. Pseudopodia (ameba)b. Ciliac. Flagellad. Passive floaters20. When did multicellularity arise? How often did it arise?a. About 1 byab. Convergent evolution… Independently overtime21. What climate change event may multicellularity have been associated with?a. Rise of oxygen22. Why is green alga a good group to study multicellularity in? what have these studies concluded about the genetic basis of multicellularity?a. Single cells to colonies to multicellular, multicellularity is the permanent association with some cell specialization23. Why is multicellularity a trade-off (no evolutionary advancement comes without a cost)?a. It is bigger and can be eaten by fewer things, but transport is more difficult24. Why are slime molds and brown algae examples of convergent evolution?25. When fungi, plants and animals evolved, what types of cells existed on the planet? Had multicellularity evolved yet?a. Yes26. For each group (fungi, plants and animals), when did they first evolve (KNOW THE DATES!)?a. Fungi 900 MYAb. Animals 650-540 MYAc. Plants 470 MYA27. WHERE did each evolve?a. Aquatic- animals and fungib. Land plants-terrestrial28. When did each transition to landa. Fungi 500 MYAb. Plants 470 MYAc. Animals 400 MYA29. Which had unicellular ancestors and which had multicellular?a. Fungi-Unicellularb. Animals- Unicellular, quickly became multicellularc. Plant-Multicellular30. For Fungi, where did they likely first live on land?a. Moist habitats31. What is lichen? Why did we discuss it in this lecture?a. A fungus plus a cyanobacteriab. Because it was probably the first species on land, can live in extreme habitats32. Why is a lichen an example of convergent evolution?a. Because it evolved independently multiple times throughout history33. What was important about the Cambrian explosion?a. The animals that we have on the earth today are survivors from the Cambrian explosion34. What factors may have led to an adaptive radiation of early animals?a. High oxygen?b. Continental drift?c. Selective pressure by predators?35. Why don’t we see all of the animals that existed in the Cambrian today?a. There was a mass extinction at the end of the Cambrian explosion, so we only see the survivors.36. What group of animals was first on land?a. Anthropods37. What are HOX genes and why did we talk about them in relation to early animals?a. HOX genes are genes that regulate certain parts of the body38. What is the closest relative of land plants?a. Algae39. What did land plants probably require to transition to land?a. Fungi40. Why are the mycorrhizae?a. Fungi that live on plant roots and help them absorb nutrients while the plant gives them sugar41. Why did the transition to land for most organisms probably occur about 500 mya?a. Open niches and high oxygen42. Which group on the planet do fungi share a more recent common ancestor with?a. Animals43. What is the known species richness of fungi? Is this a true estimate of the diversity of this group?a. 80,000 knownb. 1.5 million, so no44. Even though fungi are cosmopolitan (global) as a group, in what ways is their distribution limited?a. They are more drawn to moist areas, and there are few aquatic45. What is the function of a filamentous structure? Know what the terms hyphae and mycelium mean.46. Why is it somewhat incorrect to point to a mushroom and say theres the fugus?a. Because you are only seeing the reproductive part of the fungi… the rest is underground47. What comprises the cell wall of fungi?a. Chitin48. What does the term absorptive heterotroph mean? Make sure to remember that fungi are important decomposers and parasites!a. They have external digestion (they live in their food)49. What is the reason why there is so much dispersal in this group of non-motile