Political Identity in AdolescentsObjectivesErik H. EriksonErikson’s Theory of DevelopmentErikson’s 8 stagesWill everyone develop the virtue, or core ego strength, that Erikson describes at the end of each stage?James E. MarciaWhat did Marcia do?Marcia’s 4 Identity StatusesIdentity DiffusionForeclosuresMoratoriumIdentity AchievedMarcia’s ConclusionsMy Research ProjectMy HypothesisKinds of QuestionsScoring CriteriaResultsOther ResultsConclusionsLimitations of my researchWhat were the crises?PowerPoint PresentationRecapPolitical Identity in AdolescentsA study based on the theories of Erik Erikson and James MarciaObjectivesReview Erik Erikson’s eight stages of Identity FormationDiscuss James Marcia’s 4 Identity StatusesPresent my research projectErik H. EriksonQuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture. 1902 - Erik Salomonsen, 1909 - Erik Homburger, adult - Erik H. EriksonMother - Karla Abrahamsen / Father - ?TeacherAna Freud - underwent psychoanalysisTrained in psychoanalysis at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute Concentrated in the psychology of identityChild psychologistCollege professor at Ucal, Yale, HarvardChilhood and SocietyErikson’s Theory of DevelopmentLife unfolds in a series of 8 conflictsEach stage isolates the most general issue faced by individuals in the social worldDeals more with emotional development than cognitive developmentDevelopment of one’s identity depends on how one resolves each conflictAfter successfully resolving a crisis, a ‘virtue’ is developed Social pressures and biological maturation drive us from stage to stageErikson’s 8 stagesTrust vs. Mistrust (Infancy) ………………….…………... HOPEAutonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddlers) …………………WILLInitiative vs. Guilt (Preschool)……………………….…PURPOSEIndustry vs. Inferiority (Kinder to adolescence)………..COMPETENCEIdentity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence)…….…………FIDELITYIntimacy vs. Isolation (Young adulthood)……………………LOVEGenerativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Age)…………………….CAREIntegrity vs. Despair (Old Age )…………………………WISDOMWill everyone develop the virtue, or core ego strength, that Erikson describes at the end of each stage?•As we resolve each conflict, we need to have more positive than negative results. If we do, we will acquire the virtue that results from a favorable balance of positive at each stage.This allows us to move forward in the healthiest way.• Successful resolution at earlier stages increases the chances for successful resolution of later onesJames E. MarciaCanadian developmental psychologistProfessor at Simon Fraser UniversityExpanded on Erikson’s Theory of DevelopmentFocused on Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence) and Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood)Identity depends on the extent to which one has explored and committed to an identity in a variety of life domains such as religion, intimate relationships, gender roles, politics and occupation.What did Marcia do?Began research in 1964Initially interviewed 20 male college students and focused on occupation and ideologyWhat did Marcia find?Identity in adolescence cannot be achieved unless there is both a crisis* and a commitment. Formulated 4 Identity Statuses 2 kinds of committed and 2 kinds of uncommittedMarcia’s 4 Identity StatusesIdentity Diffusion Foreclosure Moratorium Identity AchievementQuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.Identity DiffusionUnsure and uncaring about their current beliefs and their futureLack a coherent set of beliefsFamilies are somewhat distantLiving for the moment“I like to go with the flow”QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.ForeclosuresHas never seriously consider other ideas Has conferred identitiesTheir future is the fulfillment of expectationsSupports authoritarian viewsCome from close, loving, child-centered familiesEncouraged to conform to family valuesGreat behavior and happy family life“My views have not really changed since childhood.”QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.MoratoriumAlways weighing the advantages and disadvantagesIn transition. Moving from either no identity or a conferred identity to a constructed identityExperimentingLike trapeze performers - holding on to the bar of the past while swinging toward the future.“I’m still looking at both sides and trying to decide.”QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.Identity AchievedHave a set of definite values and beliefsIndependent and smartConfident even in unfamiliar situationsFamilies support differentiationSuccessfully resolved their conflictsQuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.“I know who I am and what I want from life.”QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.Marcia’s Conclusions Few people are “just” one Identity or the other……many are a mix with one dominating.No status is a “once and for all” identity……though some changes are less likely than othersAchieving Moratorium