IC TechnologyIC TechnologyBrief HistoryAnnual SalesInvention of the transistorMOS Integrated CircuitsWhy CMOS?Moore’s LawCorollaries1Principles of VLSI Design CMPE 413IC TechnologyIC TechnologyWhat advantages do ICs have over discrete components? Size: Sub-micron vs. millimeter/centimeter. Speed and Power: Smaller size of IC components yields higher speed and lower power consumption due to smaller parasitic resistances, capacitances and induc-tances.Switching between ‘0’ and ‘1’ much faster on chip than between chips.Payoff at the system level: Systems are physically smaller, e.g. cell phones.Lower power consumption ripple effect => less heat => cheaper power supplies => reduced system cost. Integrated circuit manufacturing is versatile.Simply change the mask to change the design.However, designing the layout (changing the masks) is usually the most time consum-ing task in IC design.2Principles of VLSI Design CMPE 413IC TechnologyIC TechnologyA Sample of Integrated Circuit technologies:MOS CMOS PMOS-only NMOS-onlyBipolar Transistor-transistor logic (TTL) Integrated Injection Logic (I2L)Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)Silicon GermaniumBiCMOSSuperconducting technologies3Principles of VLSI Design CMPE 413IC TechnologyBrief History 1958: First Integrated CircuitFlip-flop using two transistorsBuilt by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments 2004Intel Pentium 4 microprocessor (~55 million transistors)512 Mbit DRAM ( > 0.5 billion transistors)  53% compound annual growth rate over 45 yearsNo other technology has grown so fast so long Driven by miniaturization of transistorsSmaller is faster, cheaper, lower in powerRevolutionary effects on society Feature Size: Smallest feature on an IC, currently the length of the transistorCurrent feature sizes: 130 nm/ 90 nm4Principles of VLSI Design CMPE 413IC TechnologyAnnual Sales1018 transistors manufacture in 2003100 million for every human on the planet0501001502001982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002YearGlobal Semiconductor Billings(Billions of US$)5Principles of VLSI Design CMPE 413IC TechnologyInvention of the transistorVaccum-tubes ruled in the first half of 20th century.Large, expensive, power-hungry, unreliable1947: First point contact transistorJohn Bardeen and Walter Brattain at Bell Labs6Principles of VLSI Design CMPE 413IC TechnologyMOS Integrated Circuits1970’s processes usually had only nMOS transistorsInexpensive, but consume power when idle1980’s present: CMOS processes for low idle powerIntel 1101 256-bit SRAM Intel 4004 4-bit µProcessor7Principles of VLSI Design CMPE 413IC TechnologyWhy CMOS?Power consumption (heat) of bipolar circuits reduce level of integration. Multiple ICs offset advantage of faster speed of bipolar since intra-chip signal propagation is much smaller than inter-chip propagation. On-chip wires suffer capacitance and resistance. However, off-chip wires suf-fer from capacitance and inductance (ringing effects).CMOS advantages: Low power. Fully restored logic levels. Rise and fall transition times are of the same order. Very high levels of integration. High performance.8Principles of VLSI Design CMPE 413IC TechnologyMoore’s Law1965: Gordan Moore plotted transistor on each chipFits straight line on a semilog plotTransistor count doubles every 18-26 monthsYearTransistors400480088080808680286Intel386Intel486PentiumPentium ProPentium IIPentium IIIPentium 41,00010,000100,0001,000,00010,000,000100,000,0001,000,000,0001970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 20009Principles of VLSI Design CMPE 413IC TechnologyCorollariesMany other factors grow exponentially (clock frequency, processor performance, ...)Cost of building a semiconductor fab is doubling every three to four years.Year1101001,00010,0001970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005400480088080808680286Intel386Intel486PentiumPentium Pro/II/IIIPentium 4Clock Speed