Psyc 1315 EXAM 2 Notes Professor Verne Cox Chapter 7 Memory Engram unit of information to be stored simple or complex Encoding Getting memory in Storage Storing memory Retrieval Accessing memory Sensory Memory photographic memory of what s coming in brief moment Short term Memory Storage Chunking Short term memory can hold about 7 units of information simple or complex Declarative Memory Explicit Factual information Semantic Memory General knowledge stored undated Ex Lincoln gave Gettsyburg Address Episodic Memory Personal experience Ex first kiss Procedural Non declarative Memory Actions motor skills implicit memories Ex riding a bike Working Memory Interaction of sensory short term and long term memory Automatic Memory Time Location Frequency Negative Memories Memory of recall of negative material can be blocked by propranolol False Memories recollection of an event or the details of an event that did not occur Repressed Memories Memory that has been unconsciously blocked by an individual due to high stress level or trauma contained in that memory State Dependent Memory Retrieval of a memory is most effective when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as it was when the memory was formed Minemonics Place item to be remembered in a context and recall is better Chapter 8 Thinking Language Concept A rule categorizing objects or events Public Rule is understood and shared o Ex Chair Couch Stool Furniture for sitting Private Rule is not shared nor understood o Ex Tire Fish Pear Objects with sanctifying grace not under stood Wide Includes many items o Ex Mammals Narrow Includes few items o Ex Cat Formal Rules Formal Prototype Degree of similarity to an example Problem Solving Algorithms Formal rule that assures correct answer Length x Width Area Heuristics A Rule of Thumb experienced based techniques for problem solving learning and discovery that give a solution which is not guaranteed to be optimal Availability Heuristic Framing Treatment has 50 success and 50 failure rate Functional Fixedness Can only think of one use for an item Mental Set A Tendency to approach a problem in a particular way even when the approach is not effective Language Words are symbols Language is the creative and rule governed use of words Phoneme Smallest distinctive sound in a language Morpheme Smallest unit that carries meaning Syntax Rules for combining words into sentences such as adjectives Semantics Rules for deriving meaning Origins of Language Skinner You have to learn everything Language Acquisition Device LAD Chomsky You are hardwired to detect and recognize fundamental things about learning Language stages occur in the same sequence in all children in all cultures at the same time Babbling Occurs in children who can hear vocal and in children who cannot hear manual Babbling leads to learning Children who cannot hear often develop their own signing in the absence of signing caretakers Animal Language GUA Chimp could not learn to speak English Washoe Chimp could learn American Sign Language Nim Chimp American Sign Language may be cued o Herbert Terrace Kanzi Member of ape group called Bonobos learned sign language Koko Gorilla signed that a velvet has was That soft Cueing Some studies are open to criticism that signing was evoked by unintentional cueing This argument cannot be applied to a number of studies Alex the grey parrot Learns vocalizations of English words by observational learning Irene Pepperbery while in view of Alex instructs assistant to select an object and say what it is Intelligence The ability to learn from experience The ability to adapt to the surrounding environment Measuring Intelligence Reliability Consistent results from test to test Validity Measures what is intended to be measured Alfred Binet s Test Binet was commissioned to develop a means of identifying children who were unlikely to succeed in the regular school curriculu Raven s Test Raven progressive matrices Developed by J C Raven Test performance is not dependent upon verbal ability or cultural experiences Wechsler test underestimates measured intelligence for autistic individuals as compared to the Raven test individuals have shown to score 20 points higher on the Raven test rather than the Wechsler test test consisted of verbal and performance subtests not dependent upon good verbal skills bell shaped curve The Deviation IQ IQ based on mental age does not work with adults the Deviation IQ score was developed as an alternative IQ s only account for 25 of school performance Sternberg says that there are 3 different types of intelligence and that current intelligence tests only measure one of the three 3 different types of intelligence Analytic analyze compare evaluate Creative create invent design Practical apply use do Gardner says there are 9 different types of intelligence and the current testing only measures 2 of the 9 existentialist meaning of life etc PAGE 253 262 TABLE Genetics of Intelligence IQ scores of identical twins reared apart separated at birth correlated about 0 70 IQ and Genetics Bottom Line the maximum genetic contribution to IQ is about 40 of the total determination of intelligence test performance Intelligence and Age fluid intelligence you have a lot of it when you re young but lose it more and more as you grow older crystallized intelligence intelligence that you gain over time don t lose Bottom Line as we grow older capacity for new learning gradually declines and problem solving becomes more dependent upon past learning Chapter 9 Developmental Psychology Fels Institute Samuel Fels established the Fels Institute in a small village in rural SW Ohio Fels longitudinal study study same individuals over long period of time Cross Sectional Study study different groups at different ages My Son as a Fetal Subject heart rate variations in my son as mother listened to preferred and non preferred music psychological state of mother can influence fetal heart rate Studies of Early Infancy use visual gaze time and heart rate response to novel stimuli gaze time to assess preferences for visual stimuli Visual Gaze Time tests used to determine infant s preferences Heart Rate Deceleration novel stimuli evokes a brief 8 beat slowing of heart rate Fetal Studies classical conditioning of fetal startle response to vibration conditioned stimuli that was initially evoked by loud sound unconditioned stimuli Infant Learning classical conditioning evident prior to birth Operant Learning simple