II. The Argument of Books II-IVA. Glaucon’s ChallengeB. Adeimantus’s InstructionsC. The AnalogyD. Stages of a CityE. Classes and Virtues in KallipolisF. Parts and Virtues of the SoulIII. Questions and Looking AheadIs it good in its effects?YesNoYes“3rd Kind”“1st Kind”NoXSocrates: Justice is 3rd kindHermit A Hermit BNo Justice or injusticeJustice in a man Justice in a citySome other reasons:D. Stages of a CityDo we have “parts” to our souls (minds/selves)?IndividualThe Republic Books II III andIVGood and Evil: Winter 2007I. Literary Structure of the RepublicII. The Argument of Books II-IVA. Glaucon’s Challenge1.Types of Goods2.Account of Origin of Justice3.Ring of GygesB. Adeimantus’s InstructionsC. The AnalogyD. Stages of a CityE. Classes and Virtues in KallipolisF. Parts and Virtues of the SoulIII. Questions and Looking AheadA. Glaucon’s Challenge1. Types of GoodsIs it good in its effects?Is it good in itself?Yes NoYes “3 rd Kind”“MostNoble”Ex: Knowing“1 st Kind”Ex: Harmless PleasuresNo “2 nd Kind”Ex: Medical TreatmentXWhat type of good is justice?Glaucon: Justice is 2nd kindSocrates: Justice is 3rd kind2. The Origins of JusticeStep 1: HermitsHermit A Hermit B(unhappy) (unhappy)Both A and B have unsatisfied needsNo Justice or injusticeStep 2: ContactA tricks B. B suffers injustice.B tricks A. A suffers injustice.Step 3: Agreement: “No tricking allowed!”Code of Laws(Standards of justice and injustice)A and B act justly, because they are bound by enforceable agreement.What happens when A finds the Ring of Gyges?B will be my helper.A will be my helper.3. Ring of GygesB. Adeimantus’s Instructions.Praise justice for its effect on the person itself, and not for its consequences (e.g., honor, reputation, rewards in this life or in the afterlife). C. Socrates’ Analogy.The Explicit Reason:Justice in a man Justice in a citysmall largehard to see easier to seeSome other reasons:- our conceptions of justice are based on social influences within actual cities/societies, so…o build the ideal city, and…o in that city will be found the correct account of justice- discover what an ideal society would be likeD. Stages of a CityStage 1: Stage 2: Stage 3: Stage 4:No City Minimal City Healthy City Luxurious Cityneed different wants WARnaturesHermits Barest Necessities Needs are met fine goods, funMinimal specialization Greater specialization more specialtiesSuited to work by nature trade“city of pigs” more people, landStages of a City, continuedStage 5: Stage 6: Stage 7:City-State Courageous City-State Good City-State (kallipolis)guardians educated rulers auxiliariesguardiansmasses masses massesmoneymakersGuardians (soldiers) Guardians properly taught Three classesprotect, acquire land Philosophy Myth of the metalsdetermined by nature:Each of us differs somewhat in nature from the others, one being suited to one job, anotherto another. (370a8)E. Classes and Virtues in KallipolisRulers (Guardians)WisdomAuxiliaries (Soldiers)CourageMoneymakers (Masses)Temperance)JusticeF. Parts and Virtues in the SoulEntirely analogical with the kallipolis.Rational ElementWisdomSpirited ElementCourageAppetitive ElementTemperance)JusticeIII. Questions and Looking Ahead.Do we have “parts” to our souls (minds/selves)?Do we have natures such that each of us is best suited for particular kinds of work, roles in life? Even if we do, is this good enough reason to say that we ought to do that kind of work, play that role?Why think that Plato’s kallipolis is really the ideal society?Individual(Book I)Social(Books II-IV)Metaphysical(Books
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