“We’re Falling Behind”th Chi N ti l Hi h S tthe Chinese National Highway SystemMichael Scharenbroich, Garrett Schreiner, Shengyin XuList of Actors Chinese Central Government Ministry of Communications (MOC) Environmental Protection Department Provincial Communications Departments (PCD)p() Foreign Investors Rural Farmers, AgricultureEast Coast CitizensEast Coast Citizens Freight Operators TaiwanF d l Hi h Ad i i i (US)Federal Highway Administration (US) Jim Oberstar – Chairman of the Committee on Transportation and InfrastructureActors (Continued)()Ministry of Communications (MOC)Ministry of Communications (MOC) Public Security DepartmentsHighway AdministrationHighway Administration Coordination Planning Internal Cooperationp Institutional Reform and Legal Affairs FinanceActors (Continued)()Provincial Communications Departments (PCD)Provincial Communications Departments (PCD) Provincial-level governments vary greatly from each other. The difference between inland (west) and costal (east) areas plays a large roleTimeline(Bonus Points for the City)ChinaBeijingjgUSU.S.New JerseyChinaBeijingjgChinaBeijingjgOriginsg1949 –China had a total or 50,000 miles of road 1949 China had a total or 50,000 miles of road for a country of 9,640,821 km2United States highway system began in 1956United States highway system began in 1956 China did not have elaborate construction projects until the 1980suntil the 1980sOriginsgAfter “Open Door” or Reform and Open policy, the After Open Door or Reform and Open policy, the market became freeMigrations of people from countryside to urban Migrations of people from countryside to urban areas with job opportunitiesThis shift led to rapid motorization and congestion This shift led to rapid motorization and congestion of the existing road system1980s –28 cities population above 1 million1980s 28 cities population above 1 million 2005 – 43 cities population above 1 million24 of which population above 2 million24 of which population above 2 millionOriginsgMotorization TrendsChinese motorization trends have been growing Chinese motorization trends have been growing steadily for two decadesAutomobile ownership has risen 15-20% per yearAutomobile ownership has risen 1520% per year Heavily concentrated to the wealth in citiesGrowing economy of 810% GDP per year has Growing economy of 8-10% GDP per year has increased transport demandMotorization TrendsAn automobile culture is born from increasing An automobile culture is born from increasing incomesCongestion and negative externalities reduce Congestion and negative externalities reduce automotive benefitsThis drives demand for road expansionThis drives demand for road expansionMotorization TrendsThe continual building phase since 1980s has The continual building phase since 1980s has emphasized: Raising the standard of roadsg Building trunk roads and motorways Increase extent of systemy Infrastructure investments to expand the system may relieve congestion, but they also increase incentives to travel on that systemMotorization TrendsIncreased motorization combined with increase in Increased motorization combined with increase in middle class living in urban areas results in an increase in car ownership in urban areasp 80-100 cars per 1000 people in urban areas11 cars per 1000 people nationally11 cars per 1000 people nationallyMotorization TrendsEconomic DevelopmentEconomic Development 1994 – Central government prioritized auto industry as a pillar industry 2004 – Vehicle production rate 4.5 million per year Fourth largest production rate Third largest consumer of cars in worldMotorization Trends Automobile market still has to compete with ptraditional modes of transportation About 60% of trips are still made on foot or by bicycle Automobile culture must compete for safe travel on b d ihurban roadways with: BikesPedestriansPedestrians Motorcycles Public TransportationpMotorization TrendsPhysical separation exists but is hard to enforcePhysical separation exists but is hard to enforce Congestion forces cars to park on sidewalks, drive in bike lanes, and enter pedestrian areasbike lanes, and enter pedestrian areas Automotive culture creates negative social externalities on other sources of transportation but externalities on other sources of transportation but is a focus of national economic developmentMotorization TrendsSource: Scharenbroich, 2007Motorization TrendsIn 1994, the central government promoted the auto In 1994, the central government promoted the auto industry as a “pillar industry” Policy directives driving domestic demand and ygproduction of automobiles China is forecasted to surpass the U.S. as the largest market for cars in 2010 and the largest carmaker in 2020Dd f bil i h b Demand for automobiles increases as they become safer, more efficient, and less fuel consumptiveLeading Motor Vehicle ProducersChinese Motor Vehicle Production/Source: Greg Baker / AP file for MSNBC.comEnvironmental IssuesWorld Bank Transportation StrategyWorld Bank Transportation Strategy Goal of economic, environmental, and social sustainability Clean Air Act of 2000 Requires vehicle emission standards and prohibits qpimport of vehicles that do not meet these standards Based on the Euro II standardsSafetyy There was a 243% increase in traffic fatalities in China between 1975 and 1998 Increased motor vehicle use in areas designed for non-motorized i transportation puts pedestrians and bicyclists at risk45% f ff d h 45% of traffic deaths in China are bikers and pedestriansSource: www.evworld.comSafetyyIf a pedestrian is hit by a motor vehicle, the driver If a pedestrian is hit by a motor vehicle, the driver bears all responsibility unless the pedestrian deliberately caused the accidenty Drunk driving, driving without a license, and speeding over 50% above posted speed limit are pg p pfaced with harsher penaltiesSafetyyRelative Road Fatality CausesRelative Road Fatality CausesChinaMinnesotaChinaMinnesotaSafetyySource: motortrend.comDiscussionHow will increased Chinese auto use change their How will increased Chinese auto use change their land use and environment?DiscussionHow does this
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