Chapter 8 – Intrapsychic Foundation of Personality Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis • Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939) – Viennese neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis• Psychoanalysis was defined as a theory of personality, a method for investigating unconscious processes, and a technique of treatment• Key premise = we form mental representations of ourselves, others, and our relationships from early experiences• Attachment theory (Ainsworth & Bowlby) = we form emotional bonds with our caregivers which become internal working models (mental representations) of all future intimate relationships (especially if they resemble them in terms of personality characteristics and behaviors)• Controversial because:• Considered sexist• Not testable• No evidence his techniques actually worked (Anna O. – hysteria, female; now anxiety)• Important because:• Theories greatly influenced personality and clinical psychology• Also influenced sociology, political science, cultural and literarystudies, and particularly religionHe was heavily influenced by philosophers and scientists of his day, including Charles Darwin• proposed instincts as an answer to the mind-body question = psychic energy (fueled the functions of the mind)• Instinct (impulse) – always present thus always some level of tension• The ways we choose to address these impulses results in our personality, ex: gratification, inhibition, denial, etc.• Life instincts (eros) = survival • The psychic energy of the life instinct is the libido, i.e., SEX• Death instincts (thanatos) = aggression (evolutionarily unsound)• How do we get to the unconscious?• Free association = saying whatever comes to mind in an uncensored, controlled way• Dream analysis = “the interpretation of dreams is the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind” (Freud, 1900/1953, p. 608.)• Detailed examination of the content and symbolism revealed unconscious thoughts/wishes• Dreams allow wish fulfillment and gratification of our instincts in a safe, symbolic form• Manifest content = description of a dream in detail• Latent Content = true meaning of the dream• Some evidence to support the idea that suppressed thoughts do reappear in our dreamsParapraxes• Parapraxes = mistakes caused by unconscious desires• Nothing is ever done by accident• Freudian slip = mistake in speech• More likely to be result of priming or cognitive indecision over word choice• “accidents” or mistaken action, humor, and symbolic behavior• All ways we try to get sexual or aggressive gratification• Freud – nothing is an accident Word association• Carl Jung made popular – trying to identify ways people made connections between words, could then use to identify unconscious complexes• Schema – patterns of thoughts, memories, and perceptions organized around a theme• Jung recorded the response, reaction time, and physiological responses• Emotional connotations interfered with responding leading to slower or unusual responsesImplicit association test• Uses reaction times to measure strength of association between concepts (more difficult to lie or fake responses)• Difference between self-report appears to be depth of processing or how conscious we are of our beliefs• People react faster to related vs unrelated concepts • I, me, self, my and nervous, fearful, anxiousFreud’s view of personality: Id• Structural model of personality – made of three parts• Id (the it) – contains pure instinctual energy and is bundle of reflexes and urges, operates through primary process thinking (makes decisions without logical rules and conscious thought)• Completely out of our control, operates under the pleasure principle (demands immediate gratification)• Can satisfy an id instinct utilizing reflex action (when the id seeks gratification through immediate physical action) or wish fulfillment (imagining what it wants – fantasy, dreams) Ego• Ego (the I) = decides whether the id will be satisfied or not, must try and match the wishes of the id with objects and events in the real world through identification (identifying with an object means that the object fulfills a wishof the id)• Operates according to the reality principle – trying to satisfy the id within the constraints of social and physical reality (getting the most pleasure with least amount of neg. consequences)• Utilizes secondary process thinking (logical thinking)Superego• Superego (the over I) – contains moral standards for thinking and acting, rewards or punishes ego for making decisions regarding satisfying the id impulses, strives for perfection• Two parts: Ego ideal = contains knowledge of what we should do, internalized experiences which reward us• Conscience = contains knowledge of what we should not do, internalized experiences which punish us- Overall, personality is made up of id, which requires immediate gratification, and the superego which has high moral standards and will not let the id express itself directly, and the ego which must try to balance the two Topographic model of personality• Consists of the conscious mind (thoughts and feelings we are currently aware of), preconscious mind (thoughts just outside of our awareness), and unconscious (thoughts we are unable to know)• The unconscious can produce particular thoughts, feelings, behaviors related to our impulses, often called the motivated unconscious• Really viewed as continuity of mental life, a continuum not a clear line between the states• May best be viewed as unconscious processes (to what extent are people aware of their defenses and motives)• More current research suggests the Cognitive unconscious = motivated and goal directed, helps us regulate thoughts, emotions• Evidence?Defense mechanisms• Sometimes balancing the id and the superego become overwhelming for the ego resulting in anxiety• Manifesting in a physical symptom (conversion reactions) or psychological (anxiety, phobia)• In order to defend itself, the ego will attempt to utilize defense mechanisms• Reaction formation – behavior that is completely opposite of what we think or feel, ex:? (considered neurotic), evidence for its existence is strong, though not clear how conscious or unconscious the reactions are• Isolation – mentally isolate threatening thoughts from other thoughts,ex.?• Intellectualization – isolating the emotions associated