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PCC BIO 100IN - Protein Synthesis and DNA Structure

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Protein Synthesis and DNA Structure Instructor Deborah Bird Page | 1Protein Synthesis and DNA Structure Reading for assignment with same name One of the Main Functions of a Non-dividing Cell is Making Proteins The heredity material DNA found in the chromatin of a non-dividing cell is organized into units called genes. The genes literally control all the phases of life from metabolism, size, color, physiology, development, reproduction, etc. of any organism. Each gene is a code in the form of codons (a sequence of three bases) that tells the cell how to make a protein. The DNA that makes up a gene resides on one side of the DNA molecule. When a cell is about to make a protein an enzyme unwinds that section of the DNA so it’s base sequence can be read. This is called mRNA transcription. From this a complimentary base molecule called messenger RNA is made. This messenger molecule will leave the nucleus and go to a ribosome, called translation, where the beginning process of protein synthesis commences. Think of messenger RNA as a molecular ribbon that will be threaded through the ribosome. As the messenger RNA threads its way through the ribosome its message is read in the form of 3 bases at a time called a codon. Another RNA molecule, transfer tRNA brings the complimentary codon which carries a specific amino acid with it. If the codon and the anticodon are complimentary to one another the amino acid is left and linked up with the preceding amino acid by forming a peptide pond between the amino acids. After releasing the amino acid the tRNA goes to get the same amino acid if needed later. Proteins begin as ribbons of amino acids and are further processed and folded correctly in other organelles of the cell before being sent to their final destination. See the Picture below for transcription and translation.Protein Synthesis and DNA Structure Instructor Deborah Bird Page | 2To see a DNA gene unwinding and a messenger RNA made in real time go to the web site below. Go to How Life Works and click play. (http://www.eowilson.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=28&Itemid=46) . Here are two other animations showing protein synthesis. 1. YouTube - Protein Synthesis Animation This animation shows the processes of transcription and translation of protein synthesis.A better quality version is available at http://www.americanbookcomp ... www.youtube.com/watch?v=PEDQoQuIhkg - 109k - Cached .Play Video 2. YouTube - From RNA to Protein Synthesis ... the ribosome where protein translation and synthesis occurs. ... Protein Synthesis Animation. 20,103 views. teachertube. Featured Video. Added to. Quicklist ... www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJxobgkPEAo - 123k - Cached .Play Video To understand what you just saw in any of the above videos we must first look the structure of DNA and understand how DNA differs from the RNA molecule. The DNA strand is a double helix consisting of a sugar (deoxyribose) with a phsosphate group.on the outside of the helix and and four bases forming the interior rungs of the helix. The four bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and Guanine (G). T is the complimentary bases of A and C is the complimentary base of C. (See the drawing on the next page).Protein Synthesis and DNA Structure Instructor Deborah Bird Page | 3The DNA Molecule is a helix with 2 sides. A messenger RNA molecule has only one side.Protein Synthesis and DNA Structure Instructor Deborah Bird Page | 4When a protein is made the first step is the unraveling of the DNA at the site of the gene which you saw in the videos. In other words the DNA will split between the chemical attachments between the bases. The messenger RNA molecule which has only one side is constructed as a complimentary side to the gene (the DNA sequence). In messenger RNA however there is no thymine available to compliment an A. Instead the base uracil is used as the complimentary base. Whenever you want to put a T in the messenger RNA molecule, put a U instead when making messenger RNA. In messenger RNA the compliment of T is an A, of a T is a U, of G is a C, and of a C is a G. This is why when you look at a codon chart you will see U’s on the chart and no T’s. You have been given a codon chart in your notes for this unit. DNA Replication When DNA replicates itself, which it must do before it can go through the process of mitosis and meiosis, the basic principles are the same. DNA unwinds using enzymes all over molecule and base pairing builds a complimentary side. At the end of DNA replication there is twice as much DNA as before replication started. Each new DNA strand is the exact copy of one another. Each DNA strand contains an old side and a new side at the end of replication. The old side is used as a template to check for mistakes (mutation) and is corrected during the process. A segment of DNA replicating itself. The blue is the old side and the green is the new side. Go to the web site to see how DNA wrappingiitself andthen replicating.Protein Synthesis and DNA Structure Instructor Deborah Bird Page | 5 1. YouTube - CELL wrapping & DNA replication Molecular BiologyThis movie show the cell wrapping and DNA replication filmed or computermade. Biologia molecular: Esse filme mostra a divisão celular filmad... www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pj9cdVeIntY - 114k - Cached .Play


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