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Berkeley ELENG 290T - Scalable Internet video using MPEG-4

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Signal Processing: Image Communication 15 (1999) 95}126Scalable Internet video using MPEG-4Hayder Radha*, Yingwei Chen, Kavitha Parthasarathy, Robert CohenPhilips Research, 345 Scarborough Rd, Briarcliw Manor, New York, 10510, USAAbstractReal-time streaming of audio-visual content over Internet Protocol (IP) based networks has enabled a wide range ofmultimedia applications. An Internet streaming solution has to provide real-time delivery and presentation of a continu-ous media content while compensating for the lack of Quality-of-Service (QoS) guarantees over the Internet. Due to thevariation and unpredictability of bandwidth and other performance parameters (e.g. packet loss rate) over IP networks,in general, most of the proposed streaming solutions are based on some type of a data loss handling method and a layeredvideo coding scheme. In this paper, we describe a real-time streaming solution suitable for non-delay-sensitive videoapplications such as video-on-demand and live TV viewing.The main aspects of our proposed streaming solution are:1. An MPEG-4 based scalable video coding method using both a prediction-based base layer and a "ne-granularenhancement layer;2. An integrated transport-decoder bu!er model with priority re-transmission for the recovery of lost packets, andcontinuous decoding and presentation of video.In addition to describing the above two aspects of our system, we also give an overview of a recent activity withinMPEG-4 video on the development of a "ne-granular-scalability coding tool for streaming applications. Results for theperformance of our scalable video coding scheme and the re-transmission mechanism are also presented. The latterresults are based on actual testing conducted over Internet sessions used for streaming MPEG-4 video in real-time.  Published by 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.1. IntroductionReal-time streaming of multimedia content overInternet Protocol (IP) networks has evolved as oneof the major technology areas in recent years.A wide range of interactive and non-interactivemultimedia Internet applications, such as news on-demand, live TV viewing, and video conferencingrely on end-to-end streaming solutions. In general,* Corresponding author.E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Radha)streaming solutions are required to maintain real-time delivery and presentation of the multimediacontent while compensating for the lack of Quality-of-Service (QoS) guarantees over IP networks.Therefore, any Internet streaming system has totake into consideration key network performanceparameters such as bandwidth, end-to-end delay,delay variation, and packet loss rate.To compensate for the unpredictability andvariability in bandwidth between the sender andreceiver(s) over the Internet and Intranet net-works, many streaming solutions have resortedto variations of layered (or scalable) video cod-ing methods (see for example [22,24,25]). These0923-5965/99/$ - see front matter  1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.PII: S 0 9 2 3 - 5 9 6 5 ( 9 9 ) 0 0 0 2 6 - 0solutions are typically complemented by packetloss recovery [22] and/or error resilience mecha-nisms [25] to compensate for the relatively highpacket-loss rate usually encountered over the Inter-net [2,30,32,33,35,47].Most of the references cited above and the ma-jority of related modeling and analytical researchstudies published in the literature have focused ondelay-sensitive (point-to-multipoint or multipoint-to-multipoint) applications such as video con-ferencing over the Internet Multicast Backbone} MBone. When compared with other types ofapplications (e.g. entertainment over the Web),these delay-sensitive applications impose di!erentkind of constraints, such as low encoder complexityand very low end-to-end delay. Meanwhile, enter-tainment-oriented Internet applications such asnews and sports on-demand, movie previews andeven &live' TV viewing represent a major (and grow-ing) element of the real-time multimedia experienceover the global Internet [9].Moreover, many of the proposed streamingsolutions are based on either proprietary or videocoding standards that were developed at timesprior to the phenomenal growth of the Internet.However, under the audio, visual, and systemactivities of the ISO MPEG-4 work, many aspectsof the Internet have being taken into considera-tion when developing the di!erent parts of thestandard. In particular, a recent activity inMPEG-4 video has focused on the development ofa scalable compression tool for streaming over IPnetworks [4,5].In this paper, we describe a real-time streamingsystem suitable for non-delay-sensitivevideo ap-plications (e.g. video-on-demand and live TV view-ing) based on the MPEG-4 video-coding standard.The main aspects of our real-time streaming systemare:1. A layered video coding method using both aprediction-based base layer and a "ne-granularenhancement layer: This solution follows the Delay sensitive applications are normally constrained by anend-to-end delay of about 300}500 ms. Real-time, non-delay-sensitive applications can typically tolerate a delay on the orderof few seconds.recent development in the MPEG-4 video groupfor the standardization of a scalable video com-pression tool for Internet streaming applications[3,4,6].2. An integrated transport-decoder bu!er modelwith a re-transmission based scheme for the re-covery of lost packets, and continuous decodingand presentation of video.The remainder of this paper is organized as follows.In Section 2 we provide an overview of key designissues one needs to consider for real-time, non-delay-sensitive IP streaming solutions. We will alsohighlight how our proposed approach addressesthese issues. Section 3 describes our real-timestreaming system and its high level architecture.Section 4 details the MPEG-4 based scalable videocoding scheme used by the system, and provides anoverview of the MPEG-4 activity on "ne-granu-lar-scalability. Simulation results for our scalablevideo compression solution are also presented inSection 4. In Section 5, we introduce the integratedtransport layer-video decoder bu!er model withre-transmission. We also evaluate the e!ectivenessof the re-transmission scheme based on actual testsconducted over the Internet involving real-timestreaming of MPEG-4 video.2. Design considerations for real-time streamingThe following are some high-level issues thatshould be considered when designing a real-timestreaming


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