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UT CH 204 - LECTURE NOTES

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CH204 Potions Class Fall 2006 Professor Severus SnapeLast Week in the Potions Laboratory Separated mixtures based on differing physical and chemical properties Used Excel to calculate average, standard deviation, and weight percents Q-test in action! Buchner filteringExperiment 3 Qualitative Chemical AnalysisPrevious Years Gorgon’s blood Liquid gold Vitreous humor of a blind mule 2006 Acids Bases Inorganic salts“Quant” vs “Qual” Quantitative – how much is there? Qualitative – what is it? You will identify the chemical identities of 5 unknown solutions based on how they react (or don’t react!) with one another.Two-Part Lab • Part 1: Mix ten known solutions and record the results of the reactions • Part 2: Mix your five unknowns and compare the results with what you saw in Part One.Be Exact! The more accurately you record your observations, the easier it will be to identify your unknowns.The Known Solutions Acids: HCl H 2 SO 4 HNO 3 Bases: NaOH Na 2 S Salts: Ba(NO 3 ) 2 AgNO 3 K 2 CrO 4 Fe(NO 3 ) 3 Ni(NO 3 ) 2 All solutions are 0.10 or 0.20 M.*Explosions * Supernatural creatures * Rashes, mutations, transformations What are we looking for? ^What are we looking for? Precipitates, mostly. (See the solubility table in Appendix 2.) Don’t expect to see any acid-base action. really /\Riddle me this What do you get when you cross hydrochloric acid with silver nitrate? Balanced Chemical Equation HCl + AgNO 3 AgCl + HNO 3 Add the physical states of each compound HCl(aq) + AgNO 3 (aq) AgCl(s) + HNO 3 (aq) This is sometimes called a molecular equation.Let’s Get Real HCl(aq) + AgNO 3 (aq) AgCl(s) + HNO 3 (aq) Total Ionic Equation – write aqueous compounds as individual ions: H + (aq) + Cl – (aq) + Ag + (aq) + NO 3 – (aq) AgCl(s) + H + (aq) + NO 3 – (aq) Lots of spectator ions.Time to Clean House Cross out spectator ions H + (aq) + Cl – (aq) + Ag + (aq) + NO 3 – (aq) AgCl(s) + H + (aq) + NO 3 – (aq) Net Ionic Equation Ag + (aq) + Cl – (aq) AgCl(s)The Net Ionic Equation NaCl(aq) + AgNO 3 (aq) NaNO 3 (aq) + AgCl(s) Ba(Cl) 2 (aq) + 2AgCH 3 COO(aq) Ba(CH 3 COO) 2 (aq) + 2AgCl(s) NH 4 Cl(aq) + AgClO 3 (aq) NH 4 ClO 3 (aq) + AgCl(s) All of these reactions have the same net ionic equation: Ag + (aq) + Cl – (aq) AgCl(s)Simple is Good • The net ionic equation describes the chemical reaction that occurs, and does not include any ions that do not take part in the reaction, even though those ions are present in solution. • How do we know which ions will react and which ones won’t?Some Quick Solubility Rules * All compounds containing alkali metals and ammonium ion are soluble.Li + Na + K + Rb + Cs + NH 4 + * All compounds containing nitrate, chlorate, perchlorate, and acetate are soluble. NO 3 – ClO 3 – ClO 4 – CH 3 COO – or C 3 H 3 O 2 –Some Quick INsolubility Rules * All compounds containing PO 4 3- , CO 3 2- , and SO 3 2- ions are insoluble except those that also contain alkali metals or NH 4 + . * All hydroxides and sulfides are insoluble except those that also contain alkali metals, or NH 4 + . Hydroxides end with –OH, and sulfides end with –S. (Exception: some group II hydroxides are slightly soluble.) * When in doubt, Ag + Pb 2+ and Hg compounds tend to be insoluble.In the Potions Laboratory * Create an array of reactions in the microwell plate similar to the one in the lab manual. * Use only 2 - 3 drops of each reactant. * DO NOT touch the tips of the dropper bottles to the solutions in the microwell plate or you will die a most painful death.Vile, hideous fluids! Chromium (VI) in particular is nasty! Empty your used microwell plates into the disgusting plastic tray in the hood. Rinse the plates with ordinary tap water, do a final rinse with deion water, and stack the plates in the hood.Lab Report Molecular Equations for 11 precipitation reactions. Net Ionic Equations for 11 precipitation reactions. 11 + 11 is 22 equations altogether.Post-Lab Preview CaBr 2 (aq) and NaBr (aq) What will precipitate with Ca 2+ but not with Na + ? Fe(NO 3 ) 3 (aq) and Mg(ClO 3 ) 2 (aq) What will precipitate with Fe 3+ but not with Mg 2+ ?Next Week Experiment 4: Acid-Base titration – more involved than this lab. – Requires more preparation than our previous labs. – START PREPARING EARLYQuiz Time * You will need a calculator every week (except next week). * Make sure you know your section number and your TA’s name.


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UT CH 204 - LECTURE NOTES

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