What is emotion?Why should we care about emotion theory?Why should we care about emotion theorySlide Number 4Slide Number 5Slide Number 6Example: Popular 2-dimensional model of emotionPopular 2-dimensional model of emotionPopular 2-dimensional model of emotionImplicationsTheory of the Four Humours by Galen of Pergamun (c. 180AD) Lesson: Definitions matterWhat is emotion NOT?Do emotion’s “exist”?Basic (Discrete) EmotionsSome discrete modelsDimensional modelsSome Dimensional modelsAppraisal ModelsSome Appraisal ModelsSome Appraisal ModelsSome appraisal models (Smith and Lazarus.)Slide Number 23Slide Number 24Mood inductionViews on the influence between emotion and cognition1What is emotion? Emotion is a feeling Emotion is a state (of physiological arousal) A brain process that computes the value of an experience --- Le Doux A word we assign to certain configuration of bodily states, thoughts, and situational factors – Feldman Barrett.  God’s punishment for disobedience -- St Augustine2Why should we care about emotion theory?3Why should we care about emotion theory Want to recognize it– Give labeled data to machine learning algorithm– But what are the labels Basic emotions (Joy, Hope, Fear, …) - Several categories proposed Dimensions (Positivity, Activation, Dominance) Want to predict its influence on other behavior– Influence of emotion on beliefs, desires, intentions, actions long-term health social interaction– But what are the correlations between these systemsWant to control it– Alleviate student frustration or Increase motivation–But what are the causal factors4MentalStateWorldEmotionModelWHAT IS A Theory?General consensus:Models suggest some relationship (correlational or causal ) between• Mental state (beliefs, desires, intentions)• Events in the world (actions, other actors)• Emotion and its associated behaviorsPosits some distinctions (modules)Posits causal relationships between5MS WorldEmotion?ModelInfer emotional reaction:If know Goals and Action: guess response • Facial expression• Risky decision• Run awayMS? WorldEmotionModelMS World?EmotionModelInfer mental stateIf know Response, Action, guess goals• cooperative vs. competitive• Low reservation priceInfer unobservable actionsIf know goals and reaction, guess action• Lion in the grassINFERENCE: Enabling AGENT inferences about HUMAN(Can do this regardless of assumptions about causality: correlation sufficient)6MS WEmotionModelRInfluence human emotion via MS-tell human “I cheated” to provoke angerMS WEmotionModelREmotional Control: Facilitate agent control over human emotion(here causality matters)Influence human emotion via W-hit human to provoke angerspeech act or ExpressionAction in world7C SM PExample: Popular 2-dimensional model of emotionDimension 2Dimension 1Emotions organized along two dimensionsThere are easily recognizable prototypical points in spaceConstraints on how emotions typically transition8C SM PPopular 2-dimensional model of emotionDimension 2Dimension 1YBBBBlPhEmotion caused by activation of specific biological system9Popular 2-dimensional model of emotionDimension 2Dimension 1YBBBBlPhHappy ApatheticAngrySadEmotion associated with prototypical expressionsC SM P10ImplicationsDimension 2Dimension 1YBBBBlPhHappy ApatheticAngrySadC SM P Recognition “language”– 4 basic labels (C, S, M, P)– 2 dimensions Predictions– If we recognize “C” expect YB is active– If recognized “C”, don’t expect transition to P– If BB active, expect sad expressions and self-report of “M” Control– Can create state P by activating Ph or suppressing other systems– Can’t control Ph by activating P11Choleric SanguineMelan-cholyPhleg-maticTheory of the Four Humoursby Galen of Pergamun (c. 180AD)WetnessTemperatureYellow BileBlack BileBloodPhlegmWet(Water)Dry(Earth)Cold(Air)Hot(Fire)A Hippocratic physician would prescribe treatment to void the body of imbalanced humor. if it was a fever -- a hot, dry disease -- the culprit was yellow bile. So, the doctor would try to increase its opposite, phlegm, by prescribing cold baths. If there were obvious symptoms of excess phlegm production, the regimen would be to bundle up in bed and drink wine.12Lesson: Definitions matter Geocentricity– Placing earth at center of universe makes it difficult to predict motion of the planets Alchemy– All substance can be decomposed into earth, water, air and fire making it difficult to predict consequences of chemical reactions Point: – Theory important: allows us make specific predictions and explain variance– Important steps on way to deeper understanding– Recognize that technological choices depend (implicitly or explicitly) on (folk or scientific) theoretical assumptions and failure of the technology may reflect problems with theory, not software13What is emotion NOT?From Scherer14Do emotion’s “exist”? Are emotions “natural kinds”– Are they reflected in the structure of nature or are they concepts we impose on a lose collection of related structures15Basic (Discrete) Emotions Discrete neuro-behavioral systems e.g. Ekman:Sadness, happiness, anger, fear, disgust, and surprise, (contempt?)– Discrete universal signals– Distinctive, emotion-specific physiology– Distinctive thoughts, memories, subjective experience– Universal antecedents– Presence in other primatesE.g. Le Doux fear circuitMentalStateElicitorEmotionModel16Some discrete models Ekman– Sadness, happiness, anger, fear, – disgust, and surprise, – Sometimes includes contempt Tomkins– Excitement, joy, surprise, distress, – anger, fear, shame, dissmell, disgust Izard & Malatesta ’87– Happiness, surprise, sadness, anger disgust, contempt, fearMcDougal 191917Dimensional models Emotions reflect activation of broad physiological systems– Emotions don’t exist as discrete circuits– Emotions correspond differences in body state distinguished in terms of broad dimensions (e.g., valence and arousal)– Appeal to low level physiological systems Behavior approach (BAS), Behavior inhibition (BIS), Fight/Flight (FFS) Emotion is word we have learned to attribute to configuration of– Cognition is a consequent of emotion“Emotion” ElicitorModelBIS/BAS18Some Dimensional modelsRussell & Mehrabian’s ‘77 PAD model (pleasure, arousal, dominance)Russell’s ‘80 circumplex