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UNC-Chapel Hill ENVR 442 - Toxic Effects of Pesticides

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Biochemical and Molecular ToxicologyUNC ENVR/TOXC 442UNC ENVR/TOXC 44230nov2010www.unc.edu/courses/2010fall/envr/442/001/Toxic Effects of PesticidesDavid J. Dix, Ph.D.National Center for Computational ToxicologyNational Center for Computational Toxicology Office of Research & DevelopmentU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyResearch Triangle Park, NC 27711Email: [email protected]://www.epa.gov/ncct/Pesticides in the NewsA t 23 2009August 23, 2009Debating How Much Weed Killer Is Safe in Your Water GlassBy CHARLES DUHIGGFor decades, farmers, lawn care workers and professional green thumbs have relied on the popular weed killer atrazine to protect their crops, golf courses and manicured lawns. But atrazine often washes into water supplies and has become among the most common contaminants in American reservoirs and other sources of drinking water. Now, new research suggests that atrazine may be dangerous at lower concentrations than previously thought. Recent studies suggest that, even at concentrations meeting current federal standards, the chemical may be associated with birth defects, low birth weights and menstrual problems. Laboratory experiments suggest that when animals are exposed to brief doses of atrazine before birth, they may become more vulnerable to cancer later. An investigation by The New York Times has found that in some towns, atrazine concentrations in drinking water have spiked, sometimes for longer than a month. But the reports produced by local water systems for residents often fail to reflect those higher 2concentrations.Pesticides in the NewsAugust 23 2009Pesticides in the NewsAugust 23, 2009 3Pesticides in the NewsOctober 7 2009October 7, 2009Regulators Plan to Study Risks of AtrazineBy CHARLES DUHIGGThe Environmental Protection Agency plans to conduct a new study about the potential health risks of atrazine a widely used weedkiller that recent research suggests may be more health risks of atrazine, a widely used weedkiller that recent research suggests may be more dangerous to humans than previously thought.Atrazine — a herbicide often used on corn fields, golf courses and even lawns — has become one of the most common contaminants in American drinking water. For years the E P A has decided against acting on calls to ban the chemical from For years, the E.P.A. has decided against acting on calls to ban the chemical from environmental activists and some scientists who argued that runoff was polluting ecosystems and harming animals. More recently, new studies have suggested that atrazine in drinking water is associated with birth defects low birth weights and reproductive problems among humans even at birth defects, low birth weights and reproductive problems among humans, even at concentrations that meet current federal standards.The E.P.A. is expected to announce on Wednesday that it will conduct a new evaluation of the pesticide to assess any possible links between atrazine and cancer, as well as other health problems such as premature births The E P A may determine that new restrictions are 4problems, such as premature births. The E.P.A. may determine that new restrictions are necessary.Pesticides in the Scientific LiteraturePesticides in the Scientific LiteraturePubMed, “atrazine AND birth defects”, 03nov2009Agrichemicals in surface water and birth defects in the United States. Winchester PD, Huskins J, Ying J. Acta Paediatr. 2009 Apr;98(4):664-9. Epub 2009 Jan 22.PMID: 19183116 Effects of atrazine and endosulfan sulphate on the ecdysteroid system of Daphnia pyypmagna. Palma et al. Chemosphere. 2009 Feb;74(5):676-81. Epub 2008 Nov 29.PMID: 19042009 The herbicide atrazine activates endocrine gene networks via non-steroidal NR5A nuclear receptors in fish and mammalian cells. Suzawa M, Ingraham HA. PLoS One. 2008 May 7;3(5):e2117 PMID: 184611792008 May 7;3(5):e2117.PMID: 18461179 Atrazine-induced reproductive tract alterations after transplacental and/or lactational exposure in male Long-Evans rats. Rayner JL, Enoch RR, Wolf DC, Fenton SE. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2007 Feb 1;218(3):238-48. Epub 2006 Nov 23.PMID: 17204298 Ch t i ti f t iid d dl lf ti i Afi l dfCharacterization of atrazine-induced gonadal malformations in African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) and comparisons with effects of an androgen antagonist (cyproterone acetate) and exogenous estrogen (17beta-estradiol): Support for the demasculinization/feminization hypothesis. Hayes et al. Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr;114 Suppl 1:134-41.PMID: 1681825956In Principles and Methods of Toxicology (5thed), A Wallace Hayes (editior)Pgs 727-840, Informa Healthcare, NY, 2007Chapter 2 Why is a toxicant poisonous?Why is a toxicant poisonous?Seven routes to death.Publisher : CRC | ISBN : 0748409106 | edition 2004 | PDF | 296 pages 7Pesticides prevent, destroy, repel or mitigate any pestranging from insects animals and weeds to ranging from insects, animals and weeds, to microorganisms such as fungi, molds, bacteria and viruses. insect killers (insecticides) •insect killers (insecticides) • mold and fungi killers (fungicides)• weed killers (herbicides)()• slug pellets (molluscicides)• plant growth regulators• bird and animal repellents• rat and mouse killers (rodenticides)•antimicrobials•antimicrobials• inert ingredientsPesticides help to manage and prevent pests that spread pgpp pdisease, that damage crops, buildings, and other property, and that are a public nuisance.2Pesticidal Classes-FungicidesPesticidal ClassesFungicides A l l i d O lidi•Acylalanines and Oxazolidinones • Benzimidazoles and Thiophanates • Carboxamides •Methoxyacrylate and Oximinoacetate (Strobilurins)•Methoxyacrylate and Oximinoacetate (Strobilurins)• Organotin Compounds • Anilinopyrimidines •PhenylpyrrolesPhenylpyrroles• Dicarboximides • Demethylase Inhibitors• Inorganic Fungicidesgg• Dithiocarbamates and Ethylenebisdithiocarbamates • Phthalimides • Chloronitriles9Pesticidal Classes-InsecticidesPesticidal ClassesInsecticides • Carbamates: AChE Inhibitors• Organophosphorus Insecticides: AChE Inhibitors C l di O hl i GABA A i•Cyclodiene Organochlorines: GABA Antagonists • Organochlorines: Sodium Channel Modulators • Pyrethroids: Sodium Channel Modulators •Nicotine and Neonicotinoids: Acetylcholine Receptor Agonists•Nicotine and Neonicotinoids: Acetylcholine Receptor Agonists• Spinosyns: Acetylcholine Receptor Agonists• Avermectins and


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