OrientalizingII. Architectural SculptureART 381, HANDOUT 2: ORIENTALIZING GREEK ART AND ARCHITECTUREOrientalizingOrientalizing Period: in art, the period between ca. 725/700 and 600 B.C., when Greek artists adapted many motifs from the art of the ancient Near East. Corinth was the artistic leader in this period.Protocorinthian: a style of painting at Corinth ca. 725-625 B.C. Primarily miniature and decorative, but included the earliest works in the black-figure technique (ca. 675 B.C. or earlier). The earliest Protocorinthian uses outline drawing and dates to the late 8th century (Aryballos, c. 720), but the developed style is black-figure and usually features animal friezes with any empty spaces filled with floral motifs (olpe, 625 BC). The best Corinthian painting tends to be miniature. The finest painted pots are rendered in black figure with much added colored slip, and are thus polychrome. They date around 650-640 BC. The “MacMillan aryballos” has a molded lions head mouth for pouring, and has a fight between warriors on its body. It is only 3” tall. The “Chigi vase,” an olpe or pitcher that is 10” tall, has three friezes on its body, of which the top shows a hoplite phalanx (or heavy infantry formation). The middle frieze shows a cavalcade, the bottom a rabbit hunt, including a scene in which a Greek and his dog surprise a black man! Beneath the handle isthe only mythological scene, of the Judgement of Paris, in which the Trojan prince judged Aphrodite the most beautiful goddess, and thus started the Trojan War (since Aphrodite gave Paris Helen, Queen of Sparta, as his award for favoring her). Black-figure: a style of vase-painting in which the figures are drawn in silhouette with the black gloss, and internal details then incised through the gloss with a graver.Protoattic: an exuberant style of vase-painting used in Attica and the nearby island of Aegina ca. 700-625 B.C. Characterized by large and monumental figures drawn in outline.Initially the style is “sub-geometric. “ The Analatos amphora of c. 700-675 shows a chariotprocession on its body, while its neck has a dance of men and women, and a frieze of marching Sphinxes. Most of the figures are drawn in outline, but there is much sort of geometric fill, and male figures are rendered in silhouette. The Eleusis Amphora, ca. 650 BC, a 5’ tall grave marker, has the Blinding of Polyphemus the Cyclops (from The Odyssey?) on the neck, while the body has two Gorgons pursuing Perseus after he has killed Medusa. A conemporary amphora may have been made on Aigina, where it was found, and shows Odysseus escaping from Polyphemus’ cave beneath a sheep. By 625-600BC Attic potters had learned the black-figure technique from Corinth. A 4’ tall amphora called the “Nessos Amphora” shows the Gorgons pursuing Preseus on the body, while the neck has Herakles killing Nessor the Centaur. Cycladic: the seventh century was the last period when the Greek islands were major sources of Greek art. The potters of Rhodes created a handsome outline style with animal friezes called “Wild Goat” from the most common beast depicted. One of the best painted vases is a pitcher with a plastic griffin head mouth, and subgeometric scenes on the body Orientalizing page 21of animals and animal combats. The most interesting Cycladic vases, however, are not painted. A 41/2’ tall vase found on Mykonos has relief panels (imitating enlay?) with scenesof the Fall of Troy (including the wooden horse on the neck). It seems to date around 650 BC, and is not unique (although other vases are only known in fragments). Daidalic sculpture: Greek sculpture in the 7th century, so-called because the earliest sculptor was believed to be the mythic artist Daidalos. Daidalic sculpture is characterized by simple forms, triangular faces, large eyes, and wig-like hair. The relief of “The Lady in the Window” found at Mycenae (c. 64) shows the facial type well. The drapery swaths the anatomy of the females, and feet and arms peek of the cloth. Male sculp[ture strats out as stylized nudes and ends up more anatomically correct. Kouros : Greek for youth. In Archaic art, a statue of an ideal nude young man, shown striding and frontal. Used in Archaic art for dedications/ tomb statues, and cult statues (of male gods); the exact meaning therefore depended on context. In the Orientalizing period, generally seen in statuettes of warriors, who wear a belt (and occasionally a helmet): Mantiklos “Apollo” (700-675), Delphi Kouros (c. 625). Kneeling Youth ivory: once part of a lyre, this kneeling nude youth of c. 625 was found at the Heraion on Samos, and is heavily influenced from the Near East. It probably shows a worshipper. Kore : Greek for a young girl. In art a statue of an ideal draped girl. A characteristic Archaic sculptural type used for dedications, tomb statues, and (probably) cult images of goddesses: again meaning of a particular figure depended on context )and sometimes on a surviving inscription). In the Orientalizing period, seen in works such as the Dedication of Nikandre (640), and the Lady of Auxerre (640).Orientalizing architecture: basically still religious only, the 7th century saw the evolution of the later orders, but only in wood and clay. The Temple of Apollo at Thermon (c. 640 BC) preserves painted terracotta metopes and antefixes, and therefore shows the basic evolution of the Doric order. The metopes painted style looks similar to contemporary (Proto) Corinthian. The temple itself is very long and narrow, with a single row of columns down the cella, and a 6 X 15 column peristyle. A small temple at Prinias (625-600) on Crete has sculptured decoration, including a continuous frieze of horsemen. Its sculpted lintel is highly unusual, and shows that this was period of experimentation; the style of the sculpture is Daedalic, but shows Near Eastern influence. The earliest Ionic sanctuary is preserved on Samos, where the temple was rebuilt with a 6 X 18 peristyle around 650 BC. The temple was still long and shedlike, but had a double row of columns across its front. The sanctuary there also has the earliest stoa, a long open colonnade with wooden columns. Megara Hyblaia in Sicily preserves the earliest planned Agora or civic center (market and governmental center, dated 650-625. Finally, the Sanctuary of Athena in Asia Minor c. 600 preserves a large number of variant capital types, which shows that the architectural orders were not