Large BiomoleculesAll Organisms Contain the Same Four Classes of Large Biomoleculesconstituents of hydrated and dry organisms Figure 3.2Slide 4similar reactions assemble and disassemble all classes of large biomolecules Figure 3.3Table 3.1Four Classes of Large BiomoleculesSlide 8triglyceride synthesis (esterification) Figure 3.18fats, oils, cis, trans Figure 3.19Slide 11a membrane phospholipid Figure 3.20biomembrane segment Figure 5.2amphipathic membrane phospholipids Figure 3.21Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19a triose and two pentoses Figure 3.14three hexoses Figure 3.14three forms of glucose Figure 3.13modified monosaccharides and a polysaccharide Figure 3.17Slide 24two glucose-glucose disaccharides Figure 3.15Slide 26Slide 27-1,4 polyglucose Figure 3.16-1,4 polyglucose with -1,6 branche Figure 3.16three forms of polyglucose Figure 3.16Slide 31Slide 32amino acids share a common structure but have different R groupsAmino acids organized by R groups Figure 3.2cysteines can form disulfide bridges Figure 3.4peptide bonds join the carboxyl group to the amino group long chains are called polypeptides Figure 3.5PowerPoint PresentationSlide 38interactions that stabilize 3-D structures Figure 3.9Slide 40protein denaturation Figure 3.11chaperones assist in folding polypeptides Figure 3.12Slide 43Slide 445-carbon sugars: pentoses Figure 3.135 bases Figure 3.24nucleotide components Figure 3.24Slide 48Slide 49DNA double helix Figure 3.27double-stranded segments in a single-stranded RNA Figure 3.26Large BiomoleculesAll Organisms Contain the Same Four Classes of Large Biomolecules•lipids - hydrophobic=>macromolecules - chains of subunits•polysaccharides - repetitive macromolecules=>information macromolecules•proteins•nucleic acidsconstituents of hydrated and dry organismsFigure 3.2All Organisms Contain the Same Four Classes of Large Biomolecules•large biomolecules consist of the same subunits in all organisms•large biomolecules are assembled, fresh from their subunits, by each organismsimilar reactions assemble and disassemble all classes of large biomoleculesFigure 3.3Table 3.1Four Classes of Large Biomolecules•Lipids–defined by hydrophobicity–chemically diverse hydrocarbons–several functions, e.g.•energy storage - fats & oils•cell structures - membranes•regulation - steroid & other hormones•insulation - electrical & thermalFour Classes of Large Biomolecules•Lipids–triglycerides•fats solid at 20˚C; oils liquid at 20˚C•energy per gram > carbohydrates or proteinstriglyceride synthesis (esterification)Figure 3.18fats,oils, cis, transFigure 3.19saturatedunsaturatedFour Classes of Large Biomolecules•membrane lipids–phospholipids•diglycerides + polar head group•amphipathica membrane phospholipidFigure 3.20biomembrane segmentFigure 5.2amphipathic membrane phospholipidsFigure 3.21Four Classes of Large Biomolecules•other lipid classes - carotenoids (isoprenoids)•Figure 3.22 CH3H2C = C – C = CH2 HFour Classes of Large Biomolecules•other lipid classes - steroids (isoprenoids)•Figure 3.23 CH3H2C = C – C = CH2 HFour Classes of Large Biomolecules•other lipid classes - vitamins–Vitamin E–Vitamin KFour Classes of Large Biomolecules•other lipid classes - waxes–high molecular weight, hydrophobic compounds–useful for waterproofingp. 54Four Classes of Large Biomolecules•carbohydrates: sugars & their polymers–monosaccharides - subunits of polymers•trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, etc.–families of structural & optical isomers•aldoses; ketoses•monosaccharides ≥5 C’s occur in 3 forms•modified monosaccharides play important rolesa triose and two pentosesFigure 3.14three hexosesFigure 3.142 aldoses and a ketosethree forms of glucoseFigure 3.13 anomers ~1% ~99%modified monosaccharides and a polysaccharideFigure 3.17Four Classes of Large Biomolecules•carbohydrates: sugars & their polymers–monosaccharides - subunits of polymers–disaccharides•two monosaccharides linked by a specific glycosidic bond–differ by subunits & linked carbonstwo glucose-glucose disaccharidesFigure 3.15Four Classes of Large Biomolecules•carbohydrates: sugars & their polymers–monosaccharides - subunits of polymers–disaccharides–oligosaccharides•3-20 monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bondsFour Classes of Large Biomolecules•carbohydrates: sugars & their polymers–monosaccharides - subunits of polymers–disaccharides–oligosaccharides–polysaccharides•thousands of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds-1,4 polyglucoseFigure 3.16-1,4 polyglucose with -1,6 brancheFigure 3.16three forms of polyglucoseFigure 3.16Four Classes of Large Biomolecules•proteins: polymers of amino acid subunits–widely diverse functions•structure, protection, transport, defense, regulation, movement, catalysis–thousands of unique structures•some bind prosthetic groups–enzymes are chemical catalysts•functions are defined by 3-D shapeFour Classes of Large Biomolecules•proteins: polymers of amino acid subunits–twenty kinds of (protein) amino acids–four levels of structure•primary - sequence of amino acids–amino (N) terminus & carboxy (C) terminusamino acids share a common structurebut have different R groups H H2N - C - COOH Raminecarboxylic acidvariableAmino acids organized by R groupsFigure 3.2cysteines can form disulfide bridgesFigure 3.4peptide bonds join the carboxyl group to theamino group long chains are called polypeptides Figure 3.54. Quaternary Structure: Polypeptides assemble into larger moleculesFigure 3.63. Tertiary Structure: Polypeptides fold2. Secondary Structure:a.  Helix1. Primary Structure: Polypeptide chainb.  Pleated sheetFigure 3.6 The Four Levels of Protein StructureFour Classes of Large Biomolecules•proteins: polymers of amino acid subunits•tertiary & quaternary structures are stabilized by several interactions•H-bonds - between polar R groups•ionic interactions - between charged R groups•hydrophobic interactions - between non-polar R groups•disulfide bridges - between cysteinesinteractions that stabilize 3-D structuresFigure 3.9Four Classes of Large Biomolecules•proteins: polymers of amino acid subunits–3-D folding is assisted by molecular chaperones•during formation•following denaturationprotein denaturationFigure 3.11chaperones assist in folding