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Phaeolus schweinitziiDecay and hazard trees e.g. Phaeolus schweinitziiIncrement borersBattery Power DrillsSTEM AND BRANCH PATHOLOGYTOPICS1. Organisms involved2. Causes3. Types of diseases and causal genera and species4. ManagementReading: Edmonds, Agee and Gara, Chap 13 (pages 323-331 rusts), Chap 14.Dreistadt et al. 1994 - pages 191-193; 195-205; 215-225 (abioticagents)1. Causes - both abiotic and biotic agentsAbiotic agents - wind and branch and stem breakage (increased by decay), ice and snow breakage, lightning, lawn mower and weed whacker injury, etc.Biotic agents – phytoplasmas, bacteria, fungi, mistletoes, (not many viruses in stems and branches of woody plants).2. Organisms involveda. Phytoplasmas – yellows, wiltsb. Bacteria - gallsc. FungiTrue FungiAscomycota - cankers Basidiomycota – decay fungiFungus-like organismsOomycota (stem cankers – Sudden oak death)d. Parasitic plantstrue mistletoes – hardwoodsdwarf mistletoes – conifers3. Types of diseases and common causal genera or speciesa. Stem Decay –Ganodermaapplanatum (Artist conk – conifers and hardwoods) Postia sericeomolis– Pocket rot of W. redcedarPhellinus igniarius- common on willow, alder and other hardwoods Fomes fomentarius– white spongy trunk rotHardwoods –birch, alder, poplar Fomitopsis pinicola– Red belt fungus (mostly dead conifers) Phaeolusschweintizii (conifers).b. Mistletoes - conifers (dwarf mistletoes -Arceuthobium), hardwoods (true mistletoes –Phoradendron –OR, CA, not WA)c. Cankers (Nectria, Cytospora, Hypoxylon(hardwoods), Neofusicoccum (madrone) , Phytophthorad.Galls (Agrobacterium tumefacians (many hosts), western gall rust caused by Endocronartiumharknessii - lodgepole pinee. Rusts (White pine blister rust (5 needle pines) - Cronartiumribicola, western gall rust - Endocronartiumharknessiif. Vascular wilts - Dutch elm disease (Ophiostomaulmi), Verticillium wilt, fireblight of cherriesSTEM DECAYSGanoderma applanatum – Artist ConkArtist conk on crabapple on campusPostia sericeomolis – Pocket rot of cedarPhellinusigniarius -common onwillow, alderand otherhardwoodsFomes fomentarius – white spongy trunk rotHardwoods –birch, alder, poplarFomitopsis pinicola – Red belt fungusPhaeolus schweinitziiCOMPARTMENTALIZATION OF DECAYCompartmentalization Of Decay In Trees - CODIToWall 4 - Annual ring at the time of wounding -strongestWall 3 - Ray parenchyma cellsWall 2 - Internal annual ringsWall 1 -Vertical ends ofCells – tracheids andvessels - weakestPhenolic chemicalslaid down (fungicidal)WILDLIFE ASSOCIATED WITHDECAY IN LIVING TREESWILDLIFE USING DECAYED TREESBatsBlack bearsWoodpeckers - number of speciesAmerican MartensVaux’s swiftsOwlsRed-breasted nuthatchCREATION OF DECAY AND HABITATSNAG CREATION METHODS1. Topping at base of live crown or mid live crown2. Girdling at different heights3. Herbicides4. Pheromones to attract bark beetles5. Killing dwarf mistletoe infected trees6. Planting artifical snagsARTIFICIAL INOCULATION OF SNAGS ANDGREEN TREESDecay and hazard treese.g. Phaeolus schweinitziiDETECTION OF DECAY1. Increment borers2. Wood drills3. Shigometer - electrical resistance4. Resistograph - physical resistance5. Ultrasound travel6. Sonic tomographyIncrement borersBattery Power DrillsUSDA Forest ServiceSHIGOMETERResistograph - TrademarkULTRASOUNDUSDA Forest


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UW ESRM 451 - Stem Branch Diseases

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