Hydropower 1700’s ~ Early 1800’sLate 1800,sBureau of ReclamationMid-1900’sCurrentlyThree Gorges DamHydro-Electric SystemsIn the beginning…Chinese Casting IronLarge Hydro-systemsSmall Hydro-systemsMicro-hydro systemImpoundment TypeDiversion TypeDiversion (Brazil)Pumped StorageTurbines: Reaction or ImpulseImpulse-type TurbineReaction-type TurbineHome-Micro-HydroMicro-Hydro siteInside of Micro TurbineMicro-Hydro SystemsHydropower – Pros and ConsPowerPoint PresentationFish PassageFish LadderWater Quality and FlowEnvironmentally Friendly TurbinesProsConsConclusionReferencesHydropower 1700’s ~Hydropower 1700’s ~ Early 1800’s Early 1800’sBernard Forest de Bernard Forest de Bélidor Bélidor Architecture Architecture HydrauliqueHydraulique, ,Late 1800,sLate 1800,sMichigan's Grand Michigan's Grand Rapids Electric Light Rapids Electric Light and Power Company.and Power Company.Niagara Falls, New Niagara Falls, New York.York. Fox River in Appleton, Fox River in Appleton, WisconsinWisconsinBureau of ReclamationBureau of ReclamationMid-1900’sMid-1900’sIndustrial ageIndustrial ageNew technologyNew technologyBetter Better ConstructionConstructionBigger BudgetsBigger BudgetsCurrentlyCurrently1/10 of electricity, 1/10 of electricity, US.US.20% World 20% World electricityelectricityThree Gorges DamThree Gorges DamOver one mile longOver one mile long575 feet tall. 575 feet tall. 25-75 billion dollars. 25-75 billion dollars. 20 years of 20 years of construction ;construction ;Completion in 2009Completion in 2009Hydro-Electric SystemsHydro-Electric SystemsSizes- large, small, Sizes- large, small, MicroMicroTypes- Types- Impoundment, diversion, Impoundment, diversion, pumped storagepumped storageTurbinesTurbines- reaction and impulse- reaction and impulseHome-Hydro-PowerHome-Hydro-PowerIn the beginning…In the beginning…Chinese Casting IronChinese Casting IronLarge Hydro-systemsLarge Hydro-systemsDefined as greater Defined as greater than 30 megawatts than 30 megawatts by Department of by Department of EnergyEnergyHoover dam- (1300 MW)Hoover dam- (1300 MW)LargestLargest in World in World Venezuela (Venezuela (10,000MW)10,000MW)China- 18,600 MW China- 18,600 MW (2009)(2009)Small Hydro-systemsSmall Hydro-systemsDOE 100kw – DOE 100kw – 30mw30mwIndustries, townsIndustries, townsThailand (9mw)Thailand (9mw)Micro-hydro systemMicro-hydro systemDOE 0-100 kwDOE 0-100 kwFarm, home, Farm, home, villagevillageIncreasing in Increasing in #’s Today#’s TodayImpoundment TypeImpoundment TypeDiversion TypeDiversion TypeDiversion (Brazil)Diversion (Brazil)Pumped StoragePumped StorageEnergy control- produce Energy control- produce power on demandpower on demand70-80% efficency 70-80% efficency Net electricity Net electricity consumersconsumersCan be PV and wind Can be PV and wind poweredpoweredTurbines: Reaction or Turbines: Reaction or ImpulseImpulseDepends on: head, flow, and pressureDepends on: head, flow, and pressureImpulse- similar to water wheel Impulse- similar to water wheel (cupped (cupped Blades) Spins in the airBlades) Spins in the airReaction- used in large facilitiesReaction- used in large facilities(Blades similar to boat propeller) Submerged in (Blades similar to boat propeller) Submerged in waterwaterImpulse-type TurbineImpulse-type TurbineHigh-head use-High-head use-(Vertical drop > (Vertical drop > 10m)10m)High pressure High pressure (PSI)(PSI)Reaction-type TurbineReaction-type TurbineLow-head Low-head situations (high situations (high flow/ low PSI)flow/ low PSI)Home-Home-MicroMicro-Hydro-HydroHow to determine power?How to determine power?Watts= head x GPM/10 (53% efficiency)Watts= head x GPM/10 (53% efficiency)Power usage- 300-400 watts/Typical N.A. Power usage- 300-400 watts/Typical N.A. home home (refrigerator, washing machine, lights, entertainment, (refrigerator, washing machine, lights, entertainment, communication- standard efficiency)communication- standard efficiency)Efficient house (Efficient house (200200 watts) watts)Micro-Hydro siteMicro-Hydro site15 kw of power15 kw of powerServicing 25 Servicing 25 homeshomes$30,000$30,000Inside of Micro TurbineInside of Micro Turbine4 inch diameter 4 inch diameter impulse turbineimpulse turbineCreates 200 watts Creates 200 watts of powerof powerCost $1440Cost $1440Micro-Hydro SystemsMicro-Hydro SystemsEasy and DurableEasy and DurableCost of Cost of turbine/alternator turbine/alternator $1000-$3000$1000-$3000Legal regulationsLegal regulationsHydropower – Pros and Hydropower – Pros and ConsConsCurrent hydropower technology, while Current hydropower technology, while essentially emission-free, can have essentially emission-free, can have undesirable environmental effects, such as fish undesirable environmental effects, such as fish injury and mortality from passage through injury and mortality from passage through turbines, as well as detrimental effects on the turbines, as well as detrimental effects on the quality of downstream water.quality of downstream water.Fish PassageFish PassageFish populations can be impacted if fish cannot Fish populations can be impacted if fish cannot migrate upstream past impoundment dams to migrate upstream past impoundment dams to spawning grounds or if they cannot migrate spawning grounds or if they cannot migrate downstream to the ocean. downstream to the ocean. Upstream fish passage Upstream fish passage Fish ladders or elevatorsFish ladders or elevatorstruckstrucksDownstream fish passageDownstream fish passageaided by diverting fish from turbine intakes using aided by diverting fish from turbine intakes using screens or racks or even underwater lights and screens or racks or even underwater lights and sounds, and by maintaining a minimum spill flow sounds, and by maintaining a minimum spill flow past the turbine. past the turbine.Fish LadderFish LadderWater Quality and FlowWater Quality and FlowHydropower plants can cause low dissolved Hydropower plants can cause low dissolved oxygen levels in the water, a problem that is oxygen levels in the water, a problem that is harmful to riparian habitats and is addressed harmful to riparian habitats and is addressed using various aeration techniques. Maintaining using various aeration techniques. Maintaining minimum
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