1Biochemistry I Fall Term, 2004September 10, 2004Lecture 5: PeptidesAssigned reading in Campbell: Chapter 3.4-3.5.Key Terms:Condensation & hydrolysis reactionsPeptidePeptide bondResonance structuresPolypeptideExtended chain conformationΨ & Φ dihedral anglesN-terminal & C-terminalLinks:(I) Review Quiz on Lecture 5 concepts(I) Self-guided tour of the amino acids (and view a few peptides):(I) "pKa Values of Common Amino Acids" Condensed version of Campbell's Table 3.2(S) Campbell's Figure 3.4, revised: Three corrections to the structures of Asp, Glu, and Lys.(S) Graphing Quiz: Dibasic & Tribasic pH Titration Determine pKa's and the [acid](S) Alanine Titration: Key features for determining pKa's and concentration. "pKa Values of Common Amino Acids" Condensed version of Campbell's Table 3.23.4 The Peptide BondAmino acids are connected together by the formation of a peptide bond (an example of acondensation reaction):2Proteins are linear polymers (polypeptides) that have properties derived from the properties ofthe amino acids ("emergent properties"). Proteins fold from an extended chain into compactstructures. In doing so, a number of amino acids become buried within the core. Somecrosslinking can also occur, usually through disulfide bond formation between Cys residues. Insimple terms, a folded protein can be described as a sphere with a nonpolar core and a chargedsurface (i.e. an "oil drop with a polar coat", in a phrase coined by I. Kauzman).Five Important Features of the Peptide Bond1. The resonance structures that can be drawn for the peptide bond (Campbell, Fig. 3.9)show that the C-N bond has double bond character. The double bond character ofpeptides and other amides was deduced by Linus Pauling and coworkers, based on theirstructure determinations of model compounds. Specifically, the bond lengthmeasurements showed that the C=O and C-N bonds were both partial double bonds.2. The planarity of the peptide was another feature found from the early structuredeterminations. All four of the atoms boxed in the above figure lie in a plane.3. The above figure also shows the peptide bond in its highly preferred trans configuration.Rotation of 180° about the C-N bond would produce the cis configuration, but this israrely observed in proteins.4. Rotation can and does occur about the two single bonds on either side of the α-carbon.In the above figure of an octapeptide, these bonds are labelled between residues 1 and 2:Φ (Phi), the bond between N and CαΨ (Psi), the bond between Cα and C.As drawn, the figure is said to be in the "extended chain conformation", i.e. the peptidebonds lie in the plane and both Ψ and Φ = 180°. These two torsion angles correspond tothe angles between the adjacent peptide planes and are also called dihedral angles.The regular repeating secondary structures of proteins (α-helix and β-sheet) havecharacteristic values of the Ψ and Φ dihedral angles.Peptides and polypeptides are numbered from the amino-terminal (N-term) to thecarboxy-terminal (C-term) residue. Protein sequences are written left to right from the N-3to the C-terminus.The stability of peptide bonds in aqueous solution at pH 7 can be viewed in two ways:Thermodynamic: the equilibrium constant for hydrolysis of a peptide bond (thereverse of the condensation reaction shown above) favors hydrolysis by a factor of103 to 104. Thus, the peptide bond is unstable with respect to its hydrolysis products.Kinetic: the rate of peptide bond hydrolysis under physiological conditions is veryslow; the half-time for the reaction can be years. Thus, the peptide bond is stablewhen considered on a physiological time scale.Thermodynamic instabilty and kinetic stability are properties of all biological polymers,i.e. proteins, DNA, RNA, and polysaccharides. These two features figure prominently inthe regulation of macromolecular metabolism, topics to be considered later in the course.3.5 Some Small Peptides of Physiological InterestThe peptides described by Campbell in this section are only a small fraction of known bio-activepeptides. But the examples selected are representative and the description is excellent.Anotherdescription with an emphasis on biodiversity topics and an account of the discovery of themagainin peptide is at: Frogs Legs and Parasitic Tales. (See the section, "An unexpectednatural shield" on this