Deng and Mao Zedong repeatedly clashed when the Great Leap Forward (1957-1958) failed. [www.iisg.nl/ ~landsberger/dxp.html][www.iisg.nl/ ~landsberger/dxp.html]BibliographyThe Multi-Revolutions ofChina The Social and Economic Upheavals of Maoist andPost-Maoist ChinaBy Jeff Sun & Dan TranEngineering 297A: Ethics of Development in a GlobalEnvironment 12Table of Contents AbstractThe Impetuses for Post-Mao EconomicPoliciesA Historical PerspectiveMaoist Institutional AsceticismThe Cultural Revolution’s DestructionofTraditional ValuesLooking ForwardThe Aftermath of Mao’s Death and theBeginning of Economic Reforms in the1980sTwo stages of reformThe Need for Agricultural RevitalizationOpening Up to the WorldReforming Industrial EnterprisesMain achievements of economicreformsFurther Economic Reforms in the1990s and Unresolved Problems fromthe First EconomicRevolutionMove towards PrivatizationChina’s Future Economic ProgressEconomic development in the Asia-Pacific RegionChina’s Economic GoalsChina’s Investments OpportunitiesConclusionBibliographyPage 1Page 3Page 4Page 6Page 14Page 22Page 23Page 25Page 26Page 27Page 30Page 32Page 34Page 38Page 39Page 41 Page 43Page 44Page 46Page 503AbstractChina today is a country on the verge of economic dominance andsuperiority in our world. With 2 decades worth of economic policiesfocused on free enterprise, free trade and developing a competitiveadvantage in manufacturing and production, China has positioned the 21stcentury to be China's century. But how did Maoist China, a country built on sociopolitical revolution andMarxist ideology, develop into what is now post-Mao China, a China morecapitalist than it had ever been in its history? The answer lies in MaoZeDong's social and economic policies from the 1950s to the 1970s andtheir complex, far-reaching consequences. From this historical explanation of why China's present-day economicpolicies came about, we bring the focus to what these economic policiesactually were, and their role in China's rapid modernization and economicprogress in the 1980s and 1990s. From there, we look at China today, andhypothesize China's place in the political and economic framework of ourmodern international society. 4The Impetuses for Post-Mao Economic PoliciesChina’s leaders since 1949. Mao ZeDong (left), one of the most intriguing and volatile leaders of the 20thcentury, would create a society based on his view of Marxist ideologies. His successor, Deng Xiaoping(middle), would quickly turn China’s focus to one of economic reform and progress. Deng’s economicvision of China has been further modernized and enhanced by his successor, Jiang Zemin (right).[http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/spl/hi/asia_pac/02/china_party_congress/china_ruling_party/problems_mount/img/300_pics/three_leaders_300.jpg]The 21st century will be China’s century.Over the years, many have tried to argue against such a notion: “The United States is too powerful,” they say, “the United States has too much technology. The UnitedStates has too great of a military!” But everyday, it becomes ever more clear that this premonition is quickly becoming a stark reality. The clothes we wear, the televisions we watch, the computers we use, the countless articles that we depend on for everyday life – so many are stamped with a little logo that represents a global changing of the guard: “Made in China.”China’s economy today is growing faster than ever, driven by hard-hitting economic policies aimed at fostering free enterprise, global trade, and a competitive advantage in manufacturing and production that goes unmatched in our global economy. 5But how did today’s China come about? How did a rural, agricultural society built on ascetic ideals of communalism, simplicity and sociopolitical revolution develop into the world economic powerhouse that is China today? How did a people that had been programmed to follow Marxist philosophies suddenly discover the impetus to switch gears and embark on economic progress based almost purely on capitalistic ideals? How did a country in our world’s economic backwaters just a few decades ago become what today is modern-day China, a country at the forefront of global economic dominance and supremacy? The complex answers to these questions lie in a defining epoch of China’s social, cultural and economic history: the 30 years in which the Chinese people lived under Mao ZeDong, one of the most multifaceted and unpredictable leaders in world history. Mao’s continual call for asceticism in the name of Marxist egalitarianism would so deeply repress his peoples’ desires for material well-being and economic success that when they could have it once more, it would quickly become China’s obsession. His Cultural Revolution so thoroughly broke traditional bonds of family and friends, founded in millennium-old Confucian ideals of loyalty and trust, that the Chinese masses resentfully turned to an opposing value system that stressed materialism, personal wealth, and economic achievement. Mao’s policies and ideologies, and more importantly, the subsequent backlash against them upon his death, would effectively constitute the underlying forces that lie behind China’s modern-day economic policies and the rapid economic modernization and westernization they brought.6A Historical PerspectiveFor centuries, China stood as a rural state of landlords and peasants, built essentially on Confucian values: “the importance of families, the loyalty to the family, theruling position of the patriarch” (Zeng quoted in Kuhn 260). In the 20th century, Mao ZeDong would bring his Communist Revolution into this feudal environment. Advocating the revolutionary Marxist ideal of socioeconomic egalitarianism, Mao would quickly win the loyalty of millions of rural peasants, enabling him to build a massive peasant army of over 500,000 soldiers. Though they were greatly outmatched in weaponry, technology, numbers and funding, Mao’s peasant army fought with a passion and determination that was greatly lacking in their opponents, the forces of the Kuomintang, led by Chiang Kai-Shek. Over the course of several years, Mao would ultimately lead his followers to victory against a Kuomintang that was essentially fighting3 wars: against Mao, against the Japanese Invasion, and against the Axis powers of WorldWar II.7Mao proclaiming his People’s Republic