1 IDEAL REACTORS Definition: a reactor is a system (volume) with boundaries. Mass may enter and leave across boundary. Characteristics: System: 1. Closed or intermittent: no mass enters or leaves during reaction(s) are batch or semi-batch reactors 2. Open (control volume): mass enters/leaves during reaction(s) are continuous flow reactors Mixing: 1. Completely mixed: mass is homogeneous throughout system Batch/semi-gatch Continuous: Continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) 2. Completely segregated: mass does not mix, no dispersion with heterogeneous conditions Plug flow reactor (PFR) NON-IDEAL REACTORS Definition: reactors do not meet ideal conditions of flow and mixing due to: Dispersion deviates from ideal plug flow conditions Short-circuiting and dead spaces deviate from ideal mixing and plug flow conditions Filling and drawing deviate from ideal batch conditions MASS BALANCE Mass Inflow + Mass generated = Mass outflow + Mass accumulated2 Inflow and outflow terms are associated with mass crossing the system (reactor) boundary Generation term is associated with reactions (chemical or biological) Accumulation term is associated with the actual accumulation (or loss) of mass from the system resulting from combined effects of inflow, outflow and reaction. APPLICATION OF MASS BALANCE Ideal Batch Reactor, volume = V, reactant concentration = C mass balance with inflow = out flow = 0 CVrdt)VC(d for constant volume cVrdtdCV crdtdC for a first-order reaction where C is consumed from an initial concentration of CO: rC = -kC and V, C3 t0CCodtkCdCkCdtdC C = COexp(-kt) Ideal Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) Q = fluid flowrate (m3/d) V = volume (m3) CO = influent concentration of C (g/m3) C = reactor and effluent concentration of C (g/m3) Steady-flow of water conditions: Qin = Qout = Q and 0dtdV QCO +VrC = QC +VdtdC Q CO – C +QVrC = QVdtdC Quantity QV is defined as the hydraulic residence time (HRT) denoted with the symbol, . For a conservative tracer, rC = 0 Restate mass balance: Q, CO V, C Q, C4 CO – C = dtdC Integrate for CSTR with a step input of tracer, CO beginning at t = 0 tCodt)CC(dC001 tCCClnoo C = CO(1-exp(-t/ )) Note asymptote, as t  , C  C0, which is equivalent to dC/dt  0, which defines the steady state condition (accumulation = 0) C t C0 CSTR response to step tracer Step tracer input5 Example: Calculate time to reach 95% of the steady-state condition in a CSTR: C/C0 = 0.95 = (1-exp(-t/ )) exp(-t/ ) = 1 – 0.95 -t/ = ln(0.05) = -3 t95% = 3 This is characteristic of CSTR flow, and also can be shown to be true in a CSTR with a reaction. ))texp(()k(CC 1106 CSTR with first order reaction and steady-state conditions: C0 - C+ (-kC) = 0 C0 –C(1 + k ) = 0