LING 130 Foundations of SemanticsQuiz #1 October 18, 2005Due 1:40 pm, October 21, 20051. Semantics in LinguisticsExplain briefly what role logical formalisms can play in modeling of se-mantics of natural language. (1-2 paragraphs)2. Propositional LogicLet φ be a tautology, ψ be a contradiction, and χ be a contingency. Whichof the following sentences are (i) tautological, (ii) contradictory , or (iii)contingent.1. φ ∧ χ2. φ ∨ χ3. ψ ∧ χ4. ψ ∨ χ5. φ ∨ ψ6. χ → ψ3. Translation into Predicate LogicTranslate the following sentences into predicate logic. Give the key for thevariables and predicate letters that you choose. If you think that more thanone translation is suitable, give the alternatives and discuss their differ-ences. Represent as much as possible of the structure relevant to quantifi-cational arguments.(a) Every doctor is a surgeon or a pediatrician.(b) Either everything is expensive or it is cheap.(c) A senior is an undergraduate.(d) Every fan admires a quarterback.(e) There is some quarterback that every fan admires.1(f) If everyone loves someone, John loves himself.(g) No one loves himself, unless it is George.(h) Anyone either loves himself or some dog.(i) If you love a book, read it or return it.(j) If no one kisses Mary, Bill will.(k) If John does not love New York, he does not live there (i.e., in it).(l) If someone does not love New York, he does not know it.(m) Only drunk drivers under 18 cause bad accidents.(n) Driving is risky, if you are drunk.4. Word MeaningSaeed, Chapter 3, exercise 3.10.5. Predication and QuantificationDe Swaart Chapter 4, exercise 7, (i), (ii).6. Presupposition and EntailmentGive both entailments and/or presuppositions for each of these sentences, aswe did in class. Use the Temporal Logic Operators: F : sometime in thefuture; G: always in the future; P : once in the past; and H: always in thepast.(1) a. John failed to get a birthday present for his mother-in-law.b. Mary and John managed to repair their VW themselves.c. The President acknowledged that Iran poses no imminent threat.c. The girl remembered that she had a test.d. The girl forgot that she took her medication yesterday.e. The girl forgot to take her medication yesterday.27. Tense and AspectUse the Reichenbach system introduced in class to analyze the sentencesbelow. For each sentence, provide a graphic representation using the threetemporal indices, S (speech time), R (reference time), and E (event time).(2) a. Nora Jones has already won a lot of awards.b. By Friday night, the students will have finished their tests.c. I love pizza!!!c. The phone was ringing when Mary was in the shower.d. The girl had taken her medicine before her reminded her.8. Event Classifications: AktionsartenUsing the four classes of event types (lexical aspects) we covered in class,you are to:(3) a. Give the event class of the verbb. Give the event class of the entire sentencec. State whether the sentence event is bounded (telic)d. List any grammatical features or contributing factors that possiblychanged the verb’s type to something else.(4) a. John swam in the pond for the whole afternoon.b. Mary arrived late for the party.c. Bill coughed suddenly.d. Bill has been coughing for a long time.d. Sophie wrote her thank-you notes in 20 minutes.e. Bill reached the top of the hill at noon.f. Zac enjoyed the gym yesterday.g. Uri found a gold coin in the sand.h. Claudette painted flowers for hours.i. Claude painted the house blue.9. Argument StructureSaeed, Chapter 6, exercise