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UNC-Chapel Hill ENVR 890 - Community-Led Total Sanitation

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Plan UK5-6 Underhill StreetLondon NW1 7HS, UKTel: +44 (0) 20 7482 9777Fax: +44 (0) 20 7482 9778Email: [email protected] www.plan-uk.org Registered charity No. 276035ISBN 978-0-9550479-5-4Handbook onCommunity-LedTotal SanitationKamal KarwithRobert ChambersInstitute of Development Studiesat the University of Sussex,Brighton, BN1 9RE, [email protected]: +44 (0)1273 606261,F: +44 (0)1273 621202/691647.Handbook on Community-Led Total SanitationKamal Karwith Robert ChambersAbout the authorsDr. Kamal Kar is a specialist in livestock production, agriculture and natural resources by training, with special interest in Social andParticipatory Development. He has worked as an independent consultantin South and South East Asia, Africa and Latin America for bilateral,multilateral and international agencies, including the World Bank, WSP,the Asian Development Bank, DFID, UNICEF, UNDP, Ireland Aid, GTZ,and a number of International NGOs, including CARE, Plan Internationaland WaterAid. Dr Kar has pioneered a number of innovative approachesin natural resources management and low cost appropriate technologiesin farming. He has also been a leading figure in the field of collectivemanagement of pasture and natural resources (Nukhurluls) in the Gobiregion in Mongolia and Community-Led Total Sanitation in Bangladesh,India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Cambodia, Nepal, Ethiopia, Kenya, Zambia,Uganda and Tanzania. Other areas of work include urban poverty, slumimprovement, and local governance in India, Mongolia, Bangladesh andCambodia. Dr. Kar is a visiting Fellow with the Knowledge, Technologyand Society Team of IDS, University of Sussex. He is also a foundermember of the International Federation for Women in Agriculture (New Delhi).Prof. Robert Chambers is a Research Associate of the Institute ofDevelopment Studies (IDS) at the University of Sussex, UK, where he is amember of the Participation Team. His background is in natural sciences,history and public administration. His main experiences in developmenthave been in field administration, training and research in East Africa andSouth Asia. His books include Managing Rural Development (1974), RuralDevelopment: Putting the Last First (1983), Challenging the Professions(1993), Whose Reality Counts? Putting the First Last (1997), ParticipatoryWorkshops (2002) and Ideas for Development (2005). His current workand interests include participatory methodologies, professionalism and perceptions of poverty, and power and relationships. He is a member ofthe IDS team led by Lyla Mehta engaged with partners in research, actionlearning and networking on Community-Led Total Sanitation.Plan UK is a child-centred community development organisation with no religious or political affiliations. We make long-term commitments to children in poverty and assistas many children as possible, by working in partnerships and alliances with them, theirfamilies, communities, civil society and government, building productive relationships and enabling their voices to be heard and recognised in issues that affect them.ABOVE ODF celebrations on World Toilet Day in Kilifi, Kenya.Photo: Jonathan Mativo, Plan Kenya.FRONT COVER Children mapping open defecation areas inTororo, Uganda. Photo: Philip Otieno, Plan Kenya.RIGHT Locally available low-cost materials in combinationwith externally procured sanitation hardware used in designing second generation toilets in ODF villages ofBangladesh.Handbook onCommunity-Led Total Sanitation Kamal Kar with Robert ChambersPrepared with the support of Plan International (UK) March 2008Handbook on Community-Led Total Sanitation 32 AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsThe writing and preparation of this handbook has been supported by Plan International (UK). The encouragement,patience and understanding of Rose Nierras over much of the time it has taken to prepare is gratefully acknowledged,together with the support of Sameer Sah, Alex Betti and others in its later stages. Thanks are due to Judith Robertsonfor the quality of the layout and to Petra Bongartz for support and for help in the late stages of preparing the manuscript. Peter Feldman made perceptive comments and suggestions which led to further improvements.Information for many of the boxes giving case examples has been provided by those named. Thanks are due to the unsung champions of CLTS, and to innumerable colleagues, collaborators and informants in many countries, tocommunities, natural leaders, and people in NGOs, donors, senior officials, elected people’s representatives and others.They are too numerous to mention, and it would be invidious to pick out some and not others. Where they recognisetheir contributions we hope they will understand this. Some of the experiences and material would not have beenavailable without the opportunities provided by the DFID-funded Institute of Development Studies researchprogramme on ‘Going to Scale with Community-Led Total Sanitation’.This handbook has been developed from experiences with Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) since December1999. These have been in Bangladesh, India, Cambodia, Indonesia, Mongolia, Nepal, China and Pakistan in Asia; inUganda, Zambia, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Kenya and Sierra Leone in Africa; in Bolivia in South America; in Yemen in theMiddle East; and in other countries. Users of this handbook must feel free to use its guidelines the way they findbest. The methods described are not the only ways of implementing CLTS. Users are encouraged to use their ownbest judgments at all times and innovate locally appropriate approaches and tools to achieve and enhance communityparticipation and empowerment leading to total sanitation and beyond .Kamal KarMarch 2008All photographs by Kamal Kar except where specified.Contents 2 Acknowledgements3 Contents4 Definitions5 Abbreviations6 CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND7 The genesis, spread and scaling-up of CLTS8 Why this handbook?8 Community-led Total Sanitation11 The sequence of steps12 CHAPTER 2 – PRE-TRIGGERING13 Selecting a community14 More favourable15 More challenging16 Conditions that can be favourable or challenging17 Introduction and building rapport before the triggering appraisal20 CHAPTER 3 – TRIGGERING21 Facilitating community appraisal and analysis22 Background and basics for igniting CLTS27 Defecation area transect29 Mapping of defecation areas32 Identifying the dirtiest neighbourhoods33 Calculations of shit and medical expenses34 How to trigger


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UNC-Chapel Hill ENVR 890 - Community-Led Total Sanitation

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