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ACC BIO 1308 - Cell Struct Funct

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Cell Structure and FunctionCell StructureSlide 3Generalized Eukaryotic CellVisualizing CellsProkaryotic CellsEukaryotic CellsSlide 8Membrane FunctionFluid Mosaic ModelPhospholipidsPhospholipid BilayerSteroid CholesterolMembrane ProteinsIntegral proteinsFunctions of Cell Membranes6 Major Functions Of Membrane ProteinsSlide 18Slide 19Membrane TransportSlide 21Passive TransportSolutions and TransportDiffusionDiffusion Across a MembraneSlide 26The Permeability of the Lipid BilayerPassive Transport ProcessesOsmosisSlide 30Osmotic PressureTonicityWater Balance In Cells With WallsMy definition of OsmosisFacilitated DiffusionFacilitated DiffusionActive TransportMembrane PumpThe Sodium-potassium PumpCoupled transportReview: Passive And Active Transport ComparedBulk TransportEndocytosisThree Types Of EndocytosisProcess of PhagocytosisReceptor-mediated EndocytosisExocytosisCell JunctionsThe Nucleus And The Nuclear EnvelopeChromosomesRibosomesEndomembrane SystemRough ERSmooth ERThe Golgi apparatusFunctions Of The Golgi ApparatusMembrane Bound OrganellesMitochondriaCytoskeletonCentriolesCilia and FlagellaSlide 62Slide 631Cell Structure and Function2Cell Structure•In 1655, the English scientist Robert Hooke coined the term “cellulae” for the small box-like structures he saw while examining a thin slice of cork under a microscope.3Basic Cell StructureBasic Cell Structure•All cells have the following basic structure: All cells have the following basic structure: •A thin, flexible A thin, flexible plasma membraneplasma membrane surrounds the entire cell. surrounds the entire cell. •The interior is filled with a semi-fluid The interior is filled with a semi-fluid material called thematerial called the cytoplasmcytoplasm.. •Also inside are specialized structures Also inside are specialized structures called organelles and the cell’s called organelles and the cell’s genetic genetic material.material.4Generalized Eukaryotic Cell5Visualizing Cells6Prokaryotic Cells•Simplest organisms–Cytoplasm is surrounded by plasma membrane and encased in a rigid cell wall composed of peptidoglycan.–No distinct interior compartments–Some use flagellum for locomotion, threadlike structures protruding from cell surface7Eukaryotic Cells•Characterized by compartmentalization by an endomembrane system, and the presence of membrane-bound organelles.–central vacuole–vesicles–chromosomes–cytoskeleton–cell walls8Animal cell anatomyAnimal Cell9 Membrane FunctionMembrane Function•All cells are surrounded All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane. by a plasma membrane. •Cell membranes are Cell membranes are composed of a lipid composed of a lipid bilayer with globular bilayer with globular proteins embedded in the proteins embedded in the bilayer.bilayer.•On the external surface, On the external surface, carbohydrate groups join carbohydrate groups join with lipids to form with lipids to form glycolipids, and with glycolipids, and with proteins to form proteins to form glycoproteins. These glycoproteins. These function as cell identity function as cell identity markers.markers.10Fluid Mosaic ModelFluid Mosaic Model•In 1972, S. Singer and G. Nicolson proposed the Fluid In 1972, S. Singer and G. Nicolson proposed the Fluid Mosaic Model of membrane structureMosaic Model of membrane structureExtracellular fluidCarbohydrateGlycolipidTransmembraneproteinsGlycoproteinPeripheralproteinCholesterolFilaments ofcytoskeletonCytoplasm11PhospholipidsPhospholipids•GlycerolGlycerol•Two fatty acidsTwo fatty acids•Phosphate groupPhosphate groupHydrophilicheadsHydrophobictailsECF WATERICF WATER12Phospholipid BilayerPhospholipid Bilayer•Mainly 2 layers of phospholipids; the non-polar tails Mainly 2 layers of phospholipids; the non-polar tails point inward and the polar heads are on the surface.point inward and the polar heads are on the surface.•Contains cholesterol in animal cells.Contains cholesterol in animal cells.•Is fluid, allowing proteins to move around within the Is fluid, allowing proteins to move around within the bilayer.bilayer.Polarhydro-philicheadsNonpolarhydro-phobictailsPolarhydro-philicheads13Steroid CholesterolSteroid Cholesterol•Effects on membrane fluidity within Effects on membrane fluidity within the animal cell membranethe animal cell membraneCholesterol14GlycoproteinCarbohydrateMicrofilamentsof cytoskeletonCholesterolPeripheralproteinIntegralproteinGlycolipidMembrane ProteinsMembrane Proteins•A membrane is a collage of different proteins A membrane is a collage of different proteins embedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayerembedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer•Peripheral proteins are appendages loosely Peripheral proteins are appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membranebound to the surface of the membraneFibers of extracellularmatrix (ECM)15Integral proteinsIntegral proteins•Penetrate the hydrophobic core of the Penetrate the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayerlipid bilayer•Are often transmembrane proteins, Are often transmembrane proteins, completely spanning the membranecompletely spanning the membraneEXTRACELLULARSIDEN-terminusC-terminus HelixCYTOPLASMICSIDE16Functions of Cell MembranesFunctions of Cell Membranes•Regulate the passage of substance Regulate the passage of substance into and out of cells and between cell into and out of cells and between cell organelles and cytosolorganelles and cytosol•Detect chemical messengers arriving Detect chemical messengers arriving at the surfaceat the surface•Link adjacent cells together by Link adjacent cells together by membrane junctionsmembrane junctions•Anchor cells to the extracellular Anchor cells to the extracellular matrixmatrix176 Major Functions Of Membrane 6 Major Functions Of Membrane ProteinsProteins1. Transport. (left) A protein that spans the membrane may provide a hydrophilic channel across the membrane that is selective for a particular solute. (right) Other transport proteins shuttle a substance from one side to the other by changing shape. Some of these proteins hydrolyze ATP as an energy ssource to actively pump substances across the membrane2. Enzymatic activity. A protein built into the membrane may be an enzyme with its active site exposed to substances in the adjacent solution. In some cases, several enzymes in a membrane are organized as a team that carries out sequential steps of a metabolic pathway.3. Signal transduction. A


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ACC BIO 1308 - Cell Struct Funct

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