CarbonOrganic Chemistry1. Organic chemistry involves the synthesis of organic compounds in living organisms and synthetically.a. Wöhler, Germany, 1800s, synthesized Urea CO(NH2)2b. Miller, USA, 1950s, spontaneous synthesis of organic compounds from inorganic compounds. Simulated chemical & physical conditions in the primitive Earth.c. Mechanism- the same physical and chemical laws govern all natural phenomena, including the processes of life.2. Carbon is the most versatile element for building the complex molecules of life.a. Carbon has 6 electrons: 2 in the first shell 4 in the second shellb. completes its valence shell with 4 electronsc. usually shares electrons in covalent bondsd. Tetrahedron- four corners (one for each of four covalent bonds with other atoms) e. Bond angles = 1090f. Valence of C, H, O, N are compatible-Tetravalence of C makes large, complexmolecules possible3. Carbon chains form the skeletons for the various organic compoundsa. vary in lengthb. presence and location of double bondsc. branched vs. straightd. rings: closed, cyclical chainse. hydrocarbons composed of only C & H1. vary by functional group & structural arrangement4. Isomers- compounds that have the same molecular formula but vary instructure and chemical propertiesa. Structural Isomers- molecules with the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangement of atoms.Ex. Butane & Isobutaneb. Geometric Isomers- molecules with the same covalent bonds that differ in their spatial arrangements around a Carbon-Carbon double bond.c. Enantiomers - molecules that are mirror images of each other. 1. four different atoms or groups of atoms bonded to one central (Asymetric)carbon in two different ways.2. left vs. right rotation function differs- structure determimines emergentproperties that determine function5. Functional Groupsattachments to the hydrocarbon skeletal chains that replace one or more hydrogen atom.a. each functional group behaves in a characteristic manner and consistently from one organic molecule to the otherb. the number, position, and arrangement of the functional groups give hydrocarbons unique properties.c. Six Functional Groupsall are hydrophilic1. Hydroxyl ( -OH )-Forms polar covalent bonds-increases the solubility -alcohols, names end in –ol2. Carbonyl ( -C=O )-Aldehyde- carbonyl at the end of the carbon skeleton-Ketone- carbonyl is attached toan internal carbon in the skeleton-form isomers of aldehyde/ketone with diferrent properties3. Carboxyl (-COOH )- Acids: donates H+ (COO-)4. Amino ( -NH2)- Amines- Acts as a base H+ acceptor5. Sulfhydryl ( -SH )- thiols6. Phosphate (-OPO32-)-Anions with 2 (-)