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WVC BIO 48 - Metric System

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48-25-A-metrics.docx 1.1 Bio 48 - Human Physiology Rev: 1/18/13 A Name: Metric System Physiology is a quantitative science in which validity of physiological theory is evaluated and studied in terms of measurable variables (i.e.: temperature, pH, pressure, concentration). The Metric System is used almost exclusively to measure physiological processes. It is therefore essential that you are comfortable in using the metric system. The metric system (from the Greek term metrikos, meaning “measure”), which was first developed in late eighteenth century France. The modern definitions of the units used in the metric system are those adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measures, which in 1960 established the International System of Units, also known (in French) as Systeme International d'Unites, and abbreviated SI (in all languages). The metric system utilizes units that are based on the decimal system and related to each other by the power of ten. Unlike the American-British system (commonly called the English system) of measurement (inch, foot, yard, mile); metric units are easily inter-converted by simply multiplying or dividing by ten (which ALL of us are capable of doing). When learning how to use the metric system, you become a “Decimal Jockey.” Whenever you change units you can simply move the decimal of a number to the right of left, therefore affecting its value. EXERCISES Exercise A: Changing the Value of a Number Jump to RIGHT: INCREASE 1.0 x 10 = 10.0 Jump decimal one place to the right to increase the # by 10 1.0 x 100 = 100.0 Jump decimal two places to the right to increase the # by 100 1.0 x 1,000 = 1,000.0 Jump decimal three places to the right to increase the # by 1,000 Jump to LEFT: DECREASE 1.0 / 10 = 0.1 Jump decimal one place to the left to decrease the # by 10 1.0 / 100 = 0.01 Jump decimal two places to the left to decrease the # by 100 1.0 / 1,000 = 0.001 Jump decimal three places to the left to decrease the # by 1,000 Exercise A - Procedure 1. Multiply 10 by 100. 10.0 x 100 = In which direction must you move the decimal (to the right or the left)? How many decimal places where moved? 2. Divide 10 by 10,000. 10.0 ÷ 10,000 = In which direction must you move the decimal (to the right or the left)? How many decimal places where moved?48-25-A-metrics.docx 1.2 Bio 48 - Human Physiology Rev: 1/18/13 3. Looking at the value of ten that you multiplied or divided by (100 or 10,000) what is the relationship between the number of zeros in the number and the number of decimal places you should move? a. Multiply by 100,000: The number of decimal places moved: b. Dividing by 1,000: The number of decimal places moved: 4. When multiplying or dividing what is the relationship between the direction that the decimal is moved and the function you are accomplishing? a. Multiplying: The decimal is moved to the b. Dividing: The decimal is moved to the Exercise B: Basic Units of Metric Measurements The Metric System uses a system of PREFIXES, which denote the valve of a number (placement of the decimal) combined with the type of measurement being made or the BASIC UNIT of measurement. The primarily used measurements can be expressed in four ways: length, volume, mass, or temperature. The metric system utilizes four basic units to express these measurements. Length: Meter (m) (1m = 39.37 inches, 1 inch = 2.54 cm) Volume: Liter (L ) (1 L = 0.264 gal) Mass: Gram (g) (454g = 1 lb, 1kg = 2.2 lbs) Temperature: Centigrade (Celsius) (°C) (0 °C = 32°F) In order to change the value of a measurement one needs only to incorporate an additional prefix to the measurement. Each prefix is used to describe how much of the original basic unit is present. METRIC PREFIXES: Number Meaning Factor Exponent Prefix / Abbreviation 1,000.0 one thousand (10x10x10) 103 kilo (K) * 100.0 one hundred (10x10) 102 hecto (h) 10.0 ten (10) 101 deka (da) 1.0 one (1.0) 100 0.1 one tenth (1/10) 10-1 deci (d) * 0.01 one hundredth (1/10x10) 10-2 centi (c) * 0.001 one thousandth (1/10x10x10) 10-3 milli (m) * 0.000001 one millionth (1/10x10x10x10x10x10) 10-6 micro (µ) * 0.000000001 one billionth (1/10x10x10x10x10x10x10x10x10) 10-9 nano (n) ó Indicates most commonly used physiological units Physical properties can be measured by simply combining the basic units with the appropriate prefix: For Example: One liter of soda (1 L ) = one liter (1 L) One hundred liters of soda (100 L) = one hecto liter (1hL) One thousand meter jog around campus = one kilo meter (km) A moth is one hundredth of a meter long = one centi meter (cm) An ant is one thousandth of a meter long = one milli meter (mm) An ant’s leg weighs one millionth of a gram = one micro gram (µg)48-25-A-metrics.docx 1.3 Bio 48 - Human Physiology Rev: 1/18/13 Some of the more commonly used prefixes and their value may be illustrated with the metric staircase. The metric staircase. Exercise B – Procedure (basic units of metric measurement) 1. Basic unit: Meter One meter cut into 100 pieces: each piece equals 0.01 m or 1 centi-meter a. One meter cut into 1,000 pieces: each piece equals 0.001 m or 1 -meter b. 1,000 meters combined: equal 1,000 m or 1 -meter 2. Basic unit: Liter One liter poured into 10 cups: each cup contains 0.1 liters or 1 deci-liter a. One liter poured into 100 cups: each cup contains liter or 1centi-liter b. One liter poured into 1,000,000 cups: each cup contains liters or 1 -liter c. 1,000 liters combined in a jug: equal 1,000 liters or 1 -liter. 3. Basic unit: Gram a. 10 grams: equals 1 -gram b. 1,000 grams combined: equal a total of 1 -gram c. One gram divided into 1,000 pieces: each piece weighs 0.001 grams or 1 -gram Exercise C: Metric Conversions (Dimensional Analysis) Metric conversion is the process through which the units of measurement are changed WITHOUT changing the value of the number. One thousand meters (1,000 m) = One kilo meter (1.0 km) One hundredth of a gram (10-2g) = One centi gram (1.0 cg) One thousandth of a liter (10-3 l ) = One milli liter (1.0 ml ) Deca Mega Kilo Hecto UNIT Deci Centi Milli Micro Meter, liter,


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