Monday, October 13Guidelines for Writing Titles of Scientific PapersRevising TitlesGuidelines for Writing Section HeadingsRevising Section HeadingsCite sources of information and ideas that are neither your own nor common knowledgeIPHY 3700 Guidelines: Citing References in the TextHow to Avoid Citing a Source ExcessivelyRevision Odds and EndsMonday, October 13• Revision Odds and Ends: titles, section headings, document design, citations, and moreIPHY 3700 Writing Process MapGuidelines for Writing Titles of Scientific Papers1. The title should reflect the key aspects that define the research, without overwhelming readers with details.2. As a very general rule, titles of scientific papers should be in the range of 8 to 15 words.3. Try to eliminate words like 'the', 'of', 'on', 'A Study of', 'An Experiment on', 'A Review of,' 'A Proposal for'.4. The title should reflect the unique aspects of the research.5. The title should reflect the overall purposes, and perhaps even the key outcomes, of the study and the paper.Revising TitlesFor a research paper on a study to determine how swimming exercise affects blood pressure in postmenopausal women with hypertension.Problem: Effects of Exercise on Cardiovascular FunctionOkay Solution: Effects of Swimming on Blood PressureBetter Solution: Effects of a 6-month Swimming Program on Blood Pressure in Hypertensive, Postmenopausal WomenOverdoing it: Effects of 6-months of Swim Training Using Continuous and Interval Methods at Moderate and High Intensities on Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure in Hypertensive, Postmenopausal Women between 55 and 65 years of age.For a research paper reporting the first experimental study on exercise and cancer-related fatigue. Problem: Exercise and Cancer-related Fatigue Solution: Effects of Low-intensity Exercise on Cancer-related Fatigue: An Experimental Design For a research paper to determine the effects of swim training on depression.Effective title: What are the Effects of Swim Training on Symptoms of Depression in 70- to 90-year-old Men?Effective title: Regular swimming reduces symptoms of depression in 70- to 90-year-old menGuidelines for Writing Section Headings1. Include words and phrases that directly reflect key aspects of the section's content and your rhetorical (power) goal for the section. 2. Try to limit the heading to 4-8 words.3. Use a sans-serif font (maybe bold it) to accentuate the heading, but don't increase the font size.4. Follow discipline-specific guidelines for positioning headings. If instructions to authors don't include guidelines for positioning headings, center them or place them on the left margin.Revising Section HeadingsFor the discussion section of a research paper on the effects of zinc on the common cold; the goal for the subsection is to discuss a specific limitation.Problem: Limitations to the Study Solution: Oversights in Accounting for Dose-Response EffectsFor the discussion section of a research paper on the effects of zinc on the common cold; the goal for the subsection is to explain underlying mechanisms.Problem: Mechanisms (too vague)Problem: Mechanisms Underlying the Study Results (still too vague)Solution: How Zinc Protects Against the Common ColdSolution: Zinc Inhibits Binding of Rhinovirus to Nasal EpitheliumCite sources of information and ideas that are neither your own nor common knowledge The following would not be considered common knowledge and would therefore require citations.–Original data from published studies that you did not conduct and author–Recently developed concepts and theories that are undergoing scrutiny in the scientific community–Any elements of debatable arguments in the published literature—in other words claims, supporting data, and conceptual reasoning–Concepts, theories, and arguments that have clearly been attributed to one scientist or scientific teamThe following would be considered common knowledge and would therefore not require citations. –Facts in nature, such as the fact that muscular strength declines in old age–Consistently defined and uncontested terms, such as the definition of reaction time (the time that elapses between the presentation of a stimulus and the initiation of a response)–Widely accepted and uncontested concepts and theories that cannot be attributed to any one scientist or scientific teamIPHY 3700 Guidelines: Citing References in the TextPlace a reference number, corresponding to the citation in the reference list, in parentheses at the appropriate place in the text, as in the following examples. Narrative of sentence, to give credit directly to the authors: Williams et al. (6) consider the Lachman or anterior-drawer test to be the most sensitive test for evaluating ACL laxity. Offset from narrative of sentence, when you don't need to credit specific authors directly:The Lachman or anterior-drawer test is considered the most sensitive test for evaluating ACL laxity (4,6,7).How to Avoid Citing a Source ExcessivelyCheck for whether all of the citations are necessary The shift from the body using primarily carbohydrates for fuel to using fat is caused by the action of regulatory hormones, most importantly insulin. Insulin is released from the pancreas in response to rising levels of glucose, as seen in the consumption of a high-carbohydrate meal (3). Insulin works to move glucose in the bloodstream to storage in the muscle or liver in the form of glycogen. In addition, insulin plays a role in inhibiting fat metabolism and promoting fat storage (3). McDonald (3) contends that low-carbohydrate diets increase fat metabolism because they reduce insulin levels. By reducing insulin levels, low-carbohydrate diets promote the breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids, which is part of the metabolic advantage. RevisionMcDonald (3) contends that low-carbohydrate diets increase fat metabolism because they reduce insulin levels. This argument is based on the regulatory roles of the hormone insulin, which is released from the pancreas in response to rising levels of glucose, as seen in the consumption of a high-carbohydrate meal. Insulin works to move glucose in the bloodstream to storage in the muscle or liver in the form of glycogen. In addition, insulin plays a role in inhibiting fat metabolism and promoting fat storage. is released from the pancreas in response to rising levels of glucose, as seen in the consumption of a high-carbohydrate meal. Insulin works to move glucose in the bloodstream to