lecture 10 notes.pdf1. Experimental ApparatusMechanical Systems Laboratory: Lecture 10 Data Acquisition; Computer-Based Feedback Control Note: These notes are derived from Ch. 8 Data Acquisition, Introduction to Mechatronics and Measurement Systems, 2nd Edition, David G. Alciatore and Michael B. Histand, McGraw-Hill 2003 1. Experimental Apparatus For the next laboratory exercise, you will use a computer to control a motor. Up until now, you have used op-amp circuits as analog computers to implement the computations you need for feedback control. Another common way to implement controllers is digitally by using computers. A common set-up is: The computer could be: • a PC with a data acquisition card installed. A data acquisition card is sort of like a “video card”, except it inputs and outputs arbitrary analog signals instead of a video signals. The Labjack is essentially a data acquisition card that communicates with the computer through the USB port. • a microcontroller, which is a computer on a single chip. A digital signal processing chip is similar to a microcontroller. • a programmable logic controller (PLC), which is a specialized industrial device for interfacing to analog and digital devices. PLC’s are typically programmed with ladder logic, which is a graphical language for connecting inputs, outputs, and logic. • Digital circuits, made with logic gates (e.g. AND, OR, NOT gates), or programmable logic arrays, which allow you to set-up arrays of logic gates. 2. Sampling, the Nyquist Frequency, and Aliasing Many types of sensors (e.g. potentiometers, tachometers, accelerometers, force transducers) provide analog (i.e. continuous) voltage outputs, and many types of actuators (e.g. dc brushed motors) require analog inputs. Computers represent numbers using sequences of digital voltages (i.e. sequences of “bits”). Digital voltages (or “bits”) can take only two discrete values, logical 0 (typically corresponding to 0 volts) and logical 1 (typically corresponding to 5 volts). Getting analog signals into digital forms usable by computers requires two processes: sampling and quantization. Sampling refers to evaluating an analog signal at discrete instants in time. The sampling frequency (or sampling “rate”) is how many times per second the signal is sampled.The sampling theorem states that you must sample a signal at a frequency that is twice the maximum frequency in the signal (i.e. at the “Nyquist Frequency”), in order to preserve all of the information in the signal. If a signal is sampled at less than this frequency, “aliasing” happens. The result of aliasing is that a high frequency signal looks like a lower frequency signal. 3. Quantizing Theory Quantizing transforms a continuous, analog input into a set of discrete output states. Coding is the assignment of a digital code word or number to each output state. 4. Analog-to-Digital Conversion (A/D) An A/D converter quantizes an analog signal at some sampling rate, which is determined by a “trigger signal” from the computer. The resolution of the A/D converter is the number of bits that is uses to represent the analog value of the input. The number of possible states N is equal to the number of bit combinations that can be output from the converter: N=2n. Most commercial A/D converters are 8, 10, or 12 bit devices that resolve 256, 1024, and 4096 output states, respectively. Here is a flash AD