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SKIDMORE PS 306 - PS 306 Exam 2

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Page 1 of 7 ID# Exam 2 PS 306, Fall 2005 As always, the Skidmore College Honor Code is in effect. I’ll have you write and sign text to that effect when you turn in your exam. Read each question carefully and answer it completely. Keep your eyes open for confounds. Show all your work, so that I can provide partial credit when possible. Count the pages for the exam to be sure that you have a complete exam. Pay attention to your time (point = minute). Good Luck! 1. [Based on Huck & Sandler, Rival Hypotheses] Sailors have long had a reputation for drinking spirited beverages in prodigious amounts. Apparently some members of the U.S. Navy have decided to continue this tradition as evidenced by a recent upsurge on interest in the development of alcohol treatment centers for naval personnel. It is refreshing to find that the Navy is also interested in evaluating the effectiveness of these new programs. One such evaluation is described below. Three researchers used a battery of personality inventories and a measure of anxiety to examine personality changes resulting from entrance into one of the alcohol treatment centers. The analysis of pretest/post-test differences on the 404 alcoholics for whom complete data were available revealed significant positive changes on level of trust, emotional stability, and extroversion. These positive changes were accompanied by significant decreases in both pathology (depression, hysteria) and anxiety. Ratings by the (former) alcoholics’ commanding officers indicated the short-term success rate to be over 80 percent. This result stands in marked contrast to the 45 percent rate of success reported in the decade before the development of special treatment centers. Based on this study, do you now have reason to believe that the U.S. Navy is spending our tax money effectively? [10 pts]Page 2 of 7 2. Dr. Julie Ard was interested in the effects of music on studying using an encoding specificity paradigm. That is, she was interested in the extent to which the similarity of the study and test situations affected performance. To test her hypotheses, she randomly assigned participants to five acquisition conditions (heavy metal, rock, classical, jazz, and blues). People in these groups studied material while listening to a particular type of music. After a brief delay, half of the people in each condition were tested under identical music (same) and half of the people were tested with no music (different). The dependent variable was the percentage score on the test (100 = perfect performance). Complete the analysis and interpret the results below as completely as possible, paying particular attention to the extent to which the results support the hypothesis. [10 pts.] 10 80.700 5.889 1.86210 78.300 9.546 3.01910 82.100 9.122 2.88510 80.500 9.168 2.89910 72.400 7.905 2.50010 67.500 8.168 2.58310 82.800 5.692 1.80010 78.300 7.602 2.40410 76.300 10.078 3.18710 72.500 10.124 3.202Count Mean Std. Dev. Std. Err.Blues, DifferentBlues, SameClassical, DifferentClassical, SameHeavy Metal, DifferentHeavy Metal, SameJazz, DifferentJazz, SameRock, DifferentRock, SameMeans Table for ScoreEffect: Music * Test SettingPage 3 of 7 3. For the following designs, tell me the number of participants needed and the total number of pieces of data that one would have in the study. [10 pts] Design Total Participants Total Pieces of Data A 3x5 completely independent groups (between) design, so that you achieve a minimum of 40 scores per cell. A 3x5 completely repeated measures (within) design, so that you achieve a minimum of 40 scores per cell. A 4x6 mixed design, with the first factor repeated and the second factor independent groups, so that you achieve a minimum of 40 scores per cell. A 4x6 mixed design, with the first factor independent groups and the second factor repeated measures, so that you achieve a minimum of 40 scores per cell. A 5x6 mixed design, with the first factor independent groups and the second factor repeated measures, so that you achieve a minimum of 40 scores per cell. 4. Slaughter, Stone, and Reed (2004) were interested in studying infant perception of bodies and faces. In their abstract, they write: Human faces and bodies are both complex and interesting perceptual objects, and both convey important social information. Given these similarities between faces and bodies, we can ask how similar are the visual processing mechanisms used to recognize them. It has long been argued that faces are subject to dedicated and unique perceptual processes, but until recently, relatively little research has focused on how we perceive the human body. Some recent paradigms indicate that faces and bodies are processed differently; others show similarities in face and body perception. They conducted two 2 (Stimulus Type: typical vs. atypical/scrambled) x 3 (Age: 12-month, 15-month, and 18-month-old children) studies. In both studies the dependent variable was the amount of time the children spent looking at the stimuli (in milliseconds). In one study, they used schematic faces (typical vs. scrambled). In the other study, they used bodies (typical vs. “scrambled”).Page 4 of 7 For our purposes, let’s focus on the study that looked at bodies. For the figure below, indicate: [10 pts] a. if there appears to be a main effect for Stimulus Type (and why you think so) b. if there appears to be a main effect for Age (and why you think so) c. if there appears to be an interaction between Stimulus Type and Age (and why you think so) d. what you would write in a Discussion section to interpret the results as you see them in the figure (i.e., don’t say what they found, say what you think it means)Page 5 of 7 5. A researcher tests two drugs for the effects on insomnia. A sample of n = 10 insomniacs is pre-tested with a placebo before bedtime, and the latency to onset of sleep is measured to serve as a baseline. A week later, the participants receive Drug 1 before bedtime, and the time that elapses between drug administration and sleep onset is measured again. Finally, a week later Drug 2 is tested in the same fashion. The latency to sleep onset (in minutes) is measured for each of the participants. A portion of the data look like this: Participant Pretest Drug 1 Drug 2 P. S. 136 24 33 A. B. 92 107 21 . . . . Below is a partially completed


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